Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports by country
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of...
What the numbers show
Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports is currently reported for 60 countries. The highest value is 3,822 Persons in China; the lowest is 0.2 Persons in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 23.25 Persons, and the mean is 207.73 Persons.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 19,112.
Over the past decade 13 countries rose and 45 fell. The largest increase was in Türkiye (up 51.3%), and the largest decrease in Bulgaria (down 62.4%).
Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition — Domestic employment embodied: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 3,822 Persons | 2020 | down 14.7% | rising |
| 1 | United States | 578.4 Persons | 2020 | down 17.3% | rising |
| 2 | OECD | 1,847 Persons | 2020 | down 15.7% | rising |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 114.2 Persons | 2020 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 3 | India | 1,499 Persons | 2020 | down 38.1% | rising |
| 4 | Brazil | 1,057 Persons | 2020 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 4 | Netherlands | 98.7 Persons | 2020 | down 15.1% | rising |
| 5 | Argentina | 537.9 Persons | 2020 | down 32.9% | rising |
| 5 | Türkiye | 63.4 Persons | 2020 | up 51.3% | rising |
| 6 | Indonesia | 276.1 Persons | 2020 | down 36.3% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 26.1 Persons | 2020 | up 42.6% | rising |
| 7 | Mexico | 258.4 Persons | 2020 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 8 | Colombia | 247.7 Persons | 2020 | up 14.7% | rising |
| 8 | Viet Nam | 228.2 Persons | 2020 | down 7.6% | volatile |
| 8 | Croatia | 2.8 Persons | 2020 | down 33.3% | volatile |
| 9 | Peru | 191.2 Persons | 2020 | down 25.5% | rising |
| 9 | Slovenia | 1.9 Persons | 2020 | up 18.8% | rising |
| 10 | Germany | 180.3 Persons | 2020 | down 20.5% | rising |
| 10 | Lithuania | 1.8 Persons | 2020 | down 10.0% | rising |
| 11 | Thailand | 165.7 Persons | 2020 | down 34.8% | rising |
| 11 | Estonia | 0.9 Persons | 2020 | up 12.5% | rising |
| 12 | Chile | 154 Persons | 2020 | down 30.8% | rising |
| 12 | Latvia | 0.6 Persons | 2020 | down 50.0% | falling |
| 13 | Russian Federation | 134.4 Persons | 2020 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 14 | Spain | 120.3 Persons | 2020 | up 3.4% | rising |
| 15 | Japan | 116.9 Persons | 2020 | down 20.7% | rising |
| 16 | Italy | 97.3 Persons | 2020 | down 5.6% | rising |
| 17 | France | 88 Persons | 2020 | down 5.6% | rising |
| 18 | Canada | 56.7 Persons | 2020 | down 10.4% | rising |
| 19 | Malaysia | 47.1 Persons | 2020 | down 36.2% | rising |
| 20 | Philippines | 42.4 Persons | 2020 | down 38.5% | rising |
| 21 | Chinese Taipei | 36.4 Persons | 2020 | down 53.3% | rising |
| 22 | Portugal | 36 Persons | 2020 | down 7.9% | rising |
| 23 | South Africa | 30.2 Persons | 2020 | down 17.9% | flat |
| 24 | Egypt | 24 Persons | 2020 | down 27.9% | rising |
| 25 | Switzerland | 22.5 Persons | 2020 | down 42.5% | rising |
| 26 | Sweden | 22.4 Persons | 2020 | down 11.8% | flat |
| 27 | Israel | 21 Persons | 2020 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 28 | Australia | 17.6 Persons | 2020 | down 15.8% | rising |
| 29 | Norway | 17.1 Persons | 2020 | down 34.7% | rising |
| 30 | Denmark | 15.7 Persons | 2020 | up 8.3% | rising |
| 31 | Hungary | 15.6 Persons | 2020 | down 17.5% | rising |
| 32 | Finland | 13.9 Persons | 2020 | down 20.1% | rising |
| 33 | Belgium | 13.6 Persons | 2020 | down 11.1% | rising |
| 34 | Ukraine | 12.3 Persons | 2020 | down 58.0% | falling |
| 35 | Austria | 12.1 Persons | 2020 | down 27.1% | rising |
| 36 | Ireland | 11.6 Persons | 2020 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 37 | Czechia | 11.4 Persons | 2020 | down 2.6% | rising |
| 38 | Singapore | 11 Persons | 2020 | down 12.0% | rising |
| 39 | Saudi Arabia | 10.6 Persons | 2020 | up 23.3% | rising |
| 40 | Romania | 10.3 Persons | 2020 | up 45.1% | volatile |
| 41 | Greece | 10.1 Persons | 2020 | down 13.7% | volatile |
| 42 | New Zealand | 9.8 Persons | 2020 | down 57.0% | rising |
| 43 | Costa Rica | 9.1 Persons | 2020 | down 21.6% | rising |
| 44 | Bulgaria | 5 Persons | 2020 | down 62.4% | falling |
| 45 | Luxembourg | 3.2 Persons | 2020 | up 6.7% | volatile |
| 46 | Kazakhstan | 2.6 Persons | 2020 | down 35.0% | volatile |
| 47 | Malta | 1 Persons | 2020 | up 25.0% | volatile |
| 48 | Cyprus | 0.4 Persons | 2020 | unchanged | falling |
| 49 | Iceland | 0.2 Persons | 2020 | unchanged | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- G20 3,896 Persons
- Europe 1,162 Persons
- European Union (28 countries) 919 Persons
- Korea 102.3 Persons
- NAFTA 893.5 Persons
- European Union (15 countries) 837.4 Persons
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) 804.8 Persons
- Euro area (19 countries) 695.6 Persons
- Slovak Republic 3.9 Persons
- European Union 28 excluding European Union 15 countries 81.6 Persons
About this data
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of employees embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy. TiM indicators are based on employment and compensation of employees for more than 50 economies (including all EU, OECD, G20 and most East and Southeast Asian economies), as well as region aggregates. TiM is estimated using the 2023 edition of the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables, see ICIO web page, together with recent estimates of employment and employees' compensation by industrial activity from official sources. The series are available over 1995-2020 and for 45 individual industries based on ISIC Rev.4. • TiM structure (old versus new codes) • Data sources • Documentation Bulk download Rdata and csv files are available in section Related files or can be downloaded from the menu. Contact icio-tiva.contact@oecd.org