Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP (%) by country

Countries reporting
107
Highest
6.3%
Israel
Lowest
0.0%
Guatemala
Median
0.6%
Years covered
25
2000–2024
Data points
2,602

What the numbers show

Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP (%) is currently reported for 107 countries. The highest value is 6.3% in Israel; the lowest is 0.0% in Guatemala.

The median across all reporting countries is 0.6%, and the mean is 1.0%.

The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 1,042.

Over the past decade 66 countries rose and 41 fell. The largest increase was in Zambia (up 5,013.8%), and the largest decrease in Madagascar (down 89.5%).

Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Israel 6.3% 2023 up 54.5% rising
1 Türkiye 1.4% 2023 up 75.1% rising
2 Republic of Korea 4.9% 2023 up 31.0% rising
3 Sweden 3.6% 2023 up 9.9% flat
4 Japan 3.4% 2023 up 4.9% rising
5 Belgium 3.3% 2023 up 41.0% rising
6 Austria 3.3% 2023 up 9.2% rising
7 Switzerland 3.2% 2023 up 12.1% rising
8 Germany 3.2% 2023 up 13.4% rising
9 Finland 3.1% 2023 down 5.8% falling
10 Denmark 3.0% 2023 up 2.9% rising
11 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2.7% 2023 up 65.1% rising
12 Iceland 2.6% 2023 up 56.0% falling
13 China 2.6% 2023 up 31.3% rising
14 Netherlands (Kingdom of the) 2.3% 2023 up 6.0% rising
15 France 2.2% 2023 down 2.5% rising
16 Slovenia 2.1% 2023 down 17.7% rising
17 Australia 1.9% 2021 down 16.9% flat
18 Norway 1.9% 2023 up 12.7% rising
19 Estonia 1.8% 2023 up 8.1% rising
20 Czechia 1.8% 2023 down 1.8% rising
21 Australia and New Zealand 1.8% 2023 down 11.0% flat
22 Singapore 1.8% 2022 down 5.7% falling
23 Canada 1.8% 2024 up 4.4% falling
24 Portugal 1.7% 2023 up 28.1% rising
25 Ireland 1.6% 2023 up 3.4% rising
26 Poland 1.6% 2023 up 76.6% rising
27 New Zealand 1.5% 2023 up 34.3% rising
28 United Arab Emirates 1.5% 2021 up 216.3% rising
29 Greece 1.5% 2023 up 81.6% rising
30 Spain 1.5% 2023 up 17.7% rising
31 Croatia 1.4% 2023 up 75.1% rising
32 Italy 1.4% 2023 up 6.6% rising
33 Hungary 1.4% 2023 down 0.5% rising
34 Brazil 1.2% 2023 down 0.2% rising
35 Luxembourg 1.1% 2023 down 13.2% falling
36 Lithuania 1.0% 2023 up 10.1% rising
37 Slovakia 1.0% 2023 up 26.3% rising
38 Egypt 1.0% 2024 up 59.9% rising
39 Malaysia 1.0% 2022 down 7.4% rising
40 Serbia 0.9% 2024 up 35.6% rising
41 Russian Federation 0.9% 2024 down 12.6% falling
42 Thailand 0.9% 2023 up 112.0% volatile
43 Latvia 0.8% 2023 up 29.6% rising
44 Kenya 0.8% 2024 up 17.1% rising
45 Bulgaria 0.8% 2023 up 24.9% rising
46 Tunisia 0.7% 2019 up 5.7% flat
47 Uruguay 0.7% 2023 up 141.1% rising
48 Cyprus 0.7% 2023 up 40.5% rising
49 Morocco 0.7% 2010 up 20.9% rising
50 Malta 0.6% 2023 down 10.8% rising
51 India 0.6% 2020 down 18.1% falling
52 Saudi Arabia 0.6% 2024 down 19.7% volatile
53 South Africa 0.6% 2022 down 8.1% falling
54 Argentina 0.6% 2023 down 2.8% rising
55 Belarus 0.6% 2024 up 16.2% falling
56 Romania 0.5% 2023 up 32.4% rising
57 Algeria 0.4% 2024 down 7.2% rising
58 Cuba 0.4% 2024 up 5.4% falling
58 Ecuador 0.4% 2014 up 629.8% volatile
60 Uganda 0.4% 2023 up 207.3% rising
61 Chile 0.4% 2022 up 8.3% rising
62 Oman 0.4% 2024 up 109.7% rising
63 North Macedonia 0.4% 2024 down 27.7% rising
64 Ukraine 0.4% 2024 down 43.1% falling
65 Montenegro 0.4% 2019 down 68.3% volatile
66 Costa Rica 0.3% 2023 down 37.8% falling
67 Mozambique 0.3% 2015 down 22.5% falling
68 Colombia 0.3% 2020 up 49.5% rising
69 Armenia 0.3% 2024 up 18.5% falling
70 Indonesia 0.3% 2020 up 236.9% volatile
71 Zambia 0.3% 2008 up 5,013.8% volatile
72 Philippines 0.3% 2020 up 153.4% rising
73 Ethiopia 0.3% 2017 up 60.6% volatile
74 Georgia 0.3% 2024 up 55.6% rising
75 Mauritius 0.3% 2024 up 47.3% falling
76 Mexico 0.3% 2024 down 39.5% falling
77 Bermuda 0.2% 2020 up 24.9% rising
78 Sudan 0.2% 2005 down 52.4% falling
79 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.2% 2024 down 16.7% volatile
80 Burundi 0.2% 2018 up 38.2% rising
81 Azerbaijan 0.2% 2024 down 1.0% falling
82 Seychelles 0.2% 2016 down 29.0% falling
83 Panama 0.2% 2024 up 65.1% falling
84 Peru 0.2% 2023 up 115.5% rising
85 Pakistan 0.2% 2023 down 37.4% falling
86 Kazakhstan 0.2% 2024 down 2.9% falling
87 Mali 0.1% 2023 down 44.3% falling
88 Paraguay 0.1% 2023 up 97.1% rising
89 Nicaragua 0.1% 2015 up 207.5% rising
90 Sri Lanka 0.1% 2022 up 8.0% falling
91 Burkina Faso 0.1% 2024 down 46.9% volatile
92 Uzbekistan 0.1% 2024 down 32.1% falling
93 El Salvador 0.1% 2023 up 58.9% rising
94 Lesotho 0.1% 2023 up 653.2% volatile
95 Turkmenistan 0.1% 2023 down 18.2% falling
96 Tajikistan 0.1% 2020 up 0.6% rising
97 Kuwait 0.1% 2024 down 79.0% volatile
98 Mongolia 0.1% 2022 down 65.0% falling
99 Honduras 0.1% 2019 up 44.3% rising
100 Kyrgyzstan 0.1% 2024 down 58.0% falling
101 Trinidad and Tobago 0.1% 2022 up 21.3% falling
102 Iraq 0.0% 2021 up 17.1% flat
103 United States Virgin Islands 0.0% 2007 down 58.9% falling
104 Myanmar 0.0% 2023 down 28.3% volatile
105 Madagascar 0.0% 2017 down 89.5% volatile
106 Guatemala 0.0% 2023 down 84.4% falling

Regions and income groups

Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.

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Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP by country. Statizoid, drawing on United Nations Statistics Division, SDG Global Database. Retrieved 29 August 2026, from https://economy.statizoid.com/stat/research-and-development-expenditure-as-a-proportion-of-gdp-percent/

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About this data

Indicator
Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP (%)
Source
United Nations Statistics Division, SDG Global Database
Licence
UN SDG Global Database (open, attribution requested)
Coverage
136 places, 2,602 data points, 2000–2024
Last refreshed