Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports by country
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of...
What the numbers show
Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports is currently reported for 50 countries. The highest value is 3,883 Persons in China; the lowest is 0.3 Persons in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 26.3 Persons, and the mean is 259.58 Persons.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 12,944.
Over the past decade 33 countries rose and 16 fell. The largest increase was in Luxembourg (up 185.7%), and the largest decrease in Latvia (down 68.8%).
Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 3,883 Persons | 2018 | down 21.8% | volatile |
| 1 | United States | 790.1 Persons | 2018 | up 13.3% | rising |
| 2 | OECD | 2,340 Persons | 2018 | up 29.6% | rising |
| 2 | Netherlands | 140.2 Persons | 2018 | up 157.2% | volatile |
| 3 | India | 1,361 Persons | 2018 | down 34.5% | rising |
| 3 | United Kingdom | 110.1 Persons | 2018 | up 77.0% | rising |
| 4 | Brazil | 1,159 Persons | 2018 | down 2.6% | rising |
| 5 | Argentina | 506.9 Persons | 2018 | down 35.2% | rising |
| 5 | Türkiye | 58.1 Persons | 2018 | up 93.0% | rising |
| 6 | Colombia | 366.9 Persons | 2018 | up 83.5% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 29.6 Persons | 2018 | up 41.6% | volatile |
| 7 | Mexico | 333.3 Persons | 2018 | up 33.3% | rising |
| 8 | Indonesia | 315.6 Persons | 2018 | down 23.3% | rising |
| 8 | Croatia | 3 Persons | 2018 | down 40.0% | volatile |
| 9 | Germany | 235 Persons | 2018 | up 27.7% | rising |
| 9 | Slovenia | 2.2 Persons | 2018 | up 46.7% | rising |
| 10 | Chile | 189.7 Persons | 2018 | down 10.3% | rising |
| 10 | Lithuania | 2.1 Persons | 2018 | down 4.5% | rising |
| 11 | Spain | 174.6 Persons | 2018 | up 77.8% | rising |
| 11 | Estonia | 1 Persons | 2018 | up 11.1% | rising |
| 11 | Latvia | 1 Persons | 2018 | down 68.8% | falling |
| 12 | Russian Federation | 151.5 Persons | 2018 | down 28.5% | rising |
| 13 | Japan | 132.2 Persons | 2018 | down 15.3% | rising |
| 14 | Italy | 118.4 Persons | 2018 | up 14.7% | rising |
| 15 | France | 99.7 Persons | 2018 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 16 | Canada | 64.8 Persons | 2018 | down 6.8% | rising |
| 17 | Portugal | 54.9 Persons | 2018 | up 181.5% | rising |
| 18 | South Africa | 39.4 Persons | 2018 | down 27.6% | flat |
| 19 | Switzerland | 29.2 Persons | 2018 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 20 | Israel | 27.1 Persons | 2018 | up 48.1% | rising |
| 21 | Sweden | 25.5 Persons | 2018 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 22 | Norway | 24.9 Persons | 2018 | up 104.1% | rising |
| 23 | Australia | 20.9 Persons | 2018 | up 20.8% | rising |
| 24 | Hungary | 19 Persons | 2018 | up 140.5% | rising |
| 25 | Denmark | 16.4 Persons | 2018 | up 45.1% | rising |
| 26 | Austria | 15.8 Persons | 2018 | up 28.5% | rising |
| 27 | Belgium | 15.7 Persons | 2018 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 28 | Ireland | 14.9 Persons | 2018 | up 104.1% | rising |
| 29 | Greece | 14.5 Persons | 2018 | up 145.8% | volatile |
| 30 | Finland | 14.2 Persons | 2018 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 31 | Saudi Arabia | 14 Persons | 2018 | up 70.7% | rising |
| 32 | New Zealand | 13 Persons | 2018 | up 42.9% | rising |
| 32 | Romania | 13 Persons | 2018 | up 47.7% | volatile |
| 34 | Czechia | 12.4 Persons | 2018 | up 24.0% | rising |
| 34 | Costa Rica | 12.4 Persons | 2018 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 36 | Bulgaria | 6.2 Persons | 2018 | down 33.3% | falling |
| 37 | Luxembourg | 4 Persons | 2018 | up 185.7% | volatile |
| 38 | Malta | 1.8 Persons | 2018 | up 125.0% | volatile |
| 39 | Cyprus | 0.5 Persons | 2018 | up 150.0% | falling |
| 40 | Iceland | 0.3 Persons | 2018 | unchanged | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- G20 4,125 Persons
- Europe 1,356 Persons
- NAFTA 1,188 Persons
- European Union (28 countries) 1,150 Persons
- Korea 109.5 Persons
- European Union (15 countries) 1,054 Persons
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) 1,040 Persons
- Euro area (19 countries) 914.7 Persons
- Slovak Republic 4.1 Persons
- European Union 28 excluding European Union 15 countries 95.9 Persons
About this data
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of employees embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy. TiM indicators are based on employment and compensation of employees for more than 50 economies (including all EU, OECD, G20, and most East and Southeast Asian economies), as well as region aggregates. TiM is estimated using the 2021 edition of the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables, see ICIO web page, together with recent estimates of employment and of employees' compensation by industrial activity from official sources. Series are available for 1995-2018 and broken down in 45 individual industries based on ISIC Rev.4. • TiM structure (old versus new codes) • Documentation • Notes par pays Contact icio-tiva.contact@oecd.org.