Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand by country
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of...
What the numbers show
Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand is currently reported for 50 countries. The highest value is 3,986 Persons in China; the lowest is 0.5 Persons in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 28.75 Persons, and the mean is 271.11 Persons.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 7,972.
Over the past decade 37 countries rose and 13 fell. The largest increase was in Portugal (up 165.1%), and the largest decrease in Latvia (down 43.6%).
Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition — Domestic employment embodied: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 3,986 Persons | 2018 | down 23.2% | rising |
| 1 | United States | 782 Persons | 2018 | up 12.7% | rising |
| 2 | OECD | 2,521 Persons | 2018 | up 25.9% | rising |
| 3 | India | 1,422 Persons | 2018 | down 32.2% | rising |
| 3 | Netherlands | 139.9 Persons | 2018 | up 128.6% | rising |
| 4 | Brazil | 1,071 Persons | 2018 | up 2.9% | rising |
| 4 | United Kingdom | 133.8 Persons | 2018 | up 61.8% | rising |
| 5 | Argentina | 460.8 Persons | 2018 | down 33.5% | rising |
| 5 | Türkiye | 72.3 Persons | 2018 | up 94.9% | rising |
| 6 | Indonesia | 372.2 Persons | 2018 | down 17.4% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 54.6 Persons | 2018 | up 49.2% | rising |
| 7 | Mexico | 333.8 Persons | 2018 | up 35.3% | rising |
| 8 | Colombia | 326.5 Persons | 2018 | up 91.0% | rising |
| 8 | Croatia | 4.4 Persons | 2018 | down 26.7% | volatile |
| 9 | Germany | 273.6 Persons | 2018 | up 27.1% | rising |
| 9 | Lithuania | 4.2 Persons | 2018 | up 23.5% | rising |
| 10 | Russian Federation | 211.4 Persons | 2018 | down 19.9% | rising |
| 10 | Slovenia | 4.1 Persons | 2018 | up 32.3% | rising |
| 11 | Spain | 181.3 Persons | 2018 | up 77.1% | rising |
| 11 | Estonia | 2.2 Persons | 2018 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 11 | Latvia | 2.2 Persons | 2018 | down 43.6% | flat |
| 12 | Chile | 176 Persons | 2018 | down 7.8% | rising |
| 13 | Japan | 174.6 Persons | 2018 | down 17.9% | rising |
| 14 | Italy | 134.3 Persons | 2018 | up 15.7% | rising |
| 15 | France | 121 Persons | 2018 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 16 | Canada | 81 Persons | 2018 | down 0.9% | rising |
| 17 | Portugal | 57.8 Persons | 2018 | up 165.1% | rising |
| 18 | South Africa | 52.9 Persons | 2018 | down 24.4% | rising |
| 19 | Switzerland | 34.8 Persons | 2018 | up 5.1% | rising |
| 20 | Sweden | 30.1 Persons | 2018 | down 0.3% | rising |
| 21 | Israel | 27.4 Persons | 2018 | up 39.1% | rising |
| 22 | Australia | 27.3 Persons | 2018 | up 13.3% | rising |
| 23 | Hungary | 26.7 Persons | 2018 | up 93.5% | rising |
| 24 | Norway | 24.6 Persons | 2018 | up 75.7% | rising |
| 25 | Belgium | 24.5 Persons | 2018 | up 20.7% | rising |
| 26 | Romania | 22.6 Persons | 2018 | up 62.6% | volatile |
| 26 | Czechia | 22.6 Persons | 2018 | up 26.3% | rising |
| 28 | Austria | 22.1 Persons | 2018 | up 28.5% | rising |
| 29 | Saudi Arabia | 20.1 Persons | 2018 | up 36.7% | rising |
| 30 | Denmark | 18.1 Persons | 2018 | up 31.2% | rising |
| 31 | Ireland | 17.8 Persons | 2018 | up 78.0% | rising |
| 32 | Greece | 16.3 Persons | 2018 | up 111.7% | rising |
| 32 | Finland | 16.3 Persons | 2018 | up 0.6% | rising |
| 34 | Costa Rica | 13.4 Persons | 2018 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 34 | New Zealand | 13.4 Persons | 2018 | up 36.7% | rising |
| 36 | Bulgaria | 11.7 Persons | 2018 | down 4.1% | flat |
| 37 | Luxembourg | 5.1 Persons | 2018 | up 121.7% | volatile |
| 38 | Malta | 2.1 Persons | 2018 | up 90.9% | volatile |
| 39 | Cyprus | 0.9 Persons | 2018 | up 50.0% | rising |
| 40 | Iceland | 0.5 Persons | 2018 | up 25.0% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- G20 4,336 Persons
- Europe 1,630 Persons
- Korea 140.9 Persons
- European Union (28 countries) 1,359 Persons
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) 1,225 Persons
- NAFTA 1,197 Persons
- European Union (15 countries) 1,192 Persons
- Euro area (19 countries) 1,034 Persons
- Slovak Republic 8.7 Persons
- European Union 28 excluding European Union 15 countries 166.9 Persons
About this data
The Trade in employment (TiM) database, see TiM web page, is a collection of labour market indicators designed to provide additional insights into global production networks and supply chains, and complement Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, see TiVA web page. Estimates of employment or compensation of employees embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy. TiM indicators are based on employment and compensation of employees for more than 50 economies (including all EU, OECD, G20, and most East and Southeast Asian economies), as well as region aggregates. TiM is estimated using the 2021 edition of the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables, see ICIO web page, together with recent estimates of employment and of employees' compensation by industrial activity from official sources. Series are available for 1995-2018 and broken down in 45 individual industries based on ISIC Rev.4. • TiM structure (old versus new codes) • Documentation • Notes par pays Contact icio-tiva.contact@oecd.org.