R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)
European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020): R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect was 0.109 Percentage of GDP in 2024. ▲ Rising
R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020), 2000–2024
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Measured in Percentage of GDP.
Analysis
In 2024, r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) stood at 0.109 Percentage of GDP.
Compared with earlier readings it is up 3.7% on the previous year and up 36.4% over ten years.
Over the whole period, r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) peaked at 0.1124 Percentage of GDP in 2019 and was at its lowest, 0.0175 Percentage of GDP, in 2003.
The long-run direction has been consistently rising across the 25 years of available data.
R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020), year by year
| Year | Percentage of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 0.0184 Percentage of GDP | — |
| 2001 | 0.0188 Percentage of GDP | +2.2% |
| 2002 | 0.0187 Percentage of GDP | -0.5% |
| 2003 | 0.0175 Percentage of GDP | -6.4% |
| 2004 | 0.0225 Percentage of GDP | +28.6% |
| 2005 | 0.0238 Percentage of GDP | +5.8% |
| 2006 | 0.0296 Percentage of GDP | +24.4% |
| 2007 | 0.0365 Percentage of GDP | +23.3% |
| 2008 | 0.0606 Percentage of GDP | +66.0% |
| 2009 | 0.0695 Percentage of GDP | +14.7% |
| 2010 | 0.0713 Percentage of GDP | +2.6% |
| 2011 | 0.0706 Percentage of GDP | -1.0% |
| 2012 | 0.0755 Percentage of GDP | +6.9% |
| 2013 | 0.077 Percentage of GDP | +2.0% |
| 2014 | 0.0799 Percentage of GDP | +3.8% |
| 2015 | 0.0869 Percentage of GDP | +8.8% |
| 2016 | 0.0937 Percentage of GDP | +7.8% |
| 2017 | 0.105 Percentage of GDP | +12.1% |
| 2018 | 0.1094 Percentage of GDP | +4.2% |
| 2019 | 0.1124 Percentage of GDP | +2.7% |
| 2020 | 0.1037 Percentage of GDP | -7.7% |
| 2021 | 0.1039 Percentage of GDP | +0.2% |
| 2022 | 0.103 Percentage of GDP | -0.9% |
| 2023 | 0.1051 Percentage of GDP | +2.0% |
| 2024 | 0.109 Percentage of GDP | +3.7% |
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | +66.0% | 0.0365 Percentage of GDP | 0.0606 Percentage of GDP |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 0.0316 Percentage of GDP | 0.0175 Percentage of GDP | 0.0695 Percentage of GDP | 10 |
| 2010s | 0.0882 Percentage of GDP | 0.0706 Percentage of GDP | 0.1124 Percentage of GDP | 10 |
| 2020s | 0.1049 Percentage of GDP | 0.103 Percentage of GDP | 0.109 Percentage of GDP | 5 |
Countries ranked near European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)
- 1 Portugal 0.4189 Percentage of GDP compare
- 1 United Kingdom 0.2745 Percentage of GDP compare
- 2 Iceland 0.2802 Percentage of GDP compare
- 2 Viet Nam 0 Percentage of GDP
- 2 United States 0.1635 Percentage of GDP compare
- 3 Türkiye 0.1431 Percentage of GDP compare
- 3 France 0.2689 Percentage of GDP compare
- 4 Netherlands 0.1185 Percentage of GDP compare
- 4 China 0.2426 Percentage of GDP compare
More economy & growth data for European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)
- Annual Purchasing Power Parities and exchange rates — Purchasing 0.6316 National currency per US dollar (2025)
- National CPI, Growth rate over one year, All countries, Food and 3.3 Percent per annum (2025)
- Annual national net lending/net borrowing, US $, current prices 695,099 US dollars, PPP converted (2024)
- National CPI, Growth rate over one year, All countries, Energy -0.6 Percent per annum (2025)
- National CPI, Growth rate over one year, All countries, All items 2.6 Percent per annum (2025)
- Annual net national income per capita, US $, current prices, current 51,840 US dollars per person, PPP converted (2024)
- Annual national disposable income, US $, volume, constant PPPs 17.94 million US dollars, PPP converted (2024)
- Annual net national income per capita, US $, volume, constant PPPs 40,078 US dollars per person, PPP converted (2024)
- National CPI, Growth rate over one year, All countries, Food and 3.2 Percent per annum (2025)
- National CPI, Growth rate over one year, All countries, All items 2.6 Percent per annum (2025)
All data for European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) →
Frequently asked questions
- What is r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)?
- R&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) was 0.109 Percentage of GDP in 2024, according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- What is the highest r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect recorded in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)?
- The highest recorded value was 0.1124 Percentage of GDP in 2019.
- What is the lowest r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect recorded in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)?
- The lowest recorded value was 0.0175 Percentage of GDP in 2003.
- How does European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) rank for r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect?
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) ranks 1st out of 2 regions with data for 2024.
- Is r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd — indirect rising or falling in European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020)?
- Over the last ten years it is up 36.4%. The long-run trend across the full record is rising.
- Where does this European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) data come from?
- The figures come from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as part of R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Indirect government support through R&D tax incentives (GTARD). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
The OECD R&D Tax Incentives database provides a set of indicators that reflect the level and structure of central and subnational government support for business R&D in form of R&D tax incentives and direct funding across OECD member countries and other major economies. This includes time-series indicators of tax expenditures for R&D, based on the latest OECD data collection on tax incentive support for R&D expenditures. Estimates of the cost of R&D tax support at subnational government level are reported whenever such provisions are applicable and relevant data are available. These estimates of the cost of central and subnational R&D tax relief have been combined with data on direct government funding of business expenditure on R&D (BERD), as compiled by National Statistical Offices based on reports from firms, in order to provide a more complete picture of government efforts to promote business R&D. Furthermore, these estimates are combined with data on Government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD) in the broader context of overall budgetary support for R&D activities undertaken by governments. Government budget allocations for R&D include direct funding provided to all sectors, including contributions to R&D programmes abroad. OECD (2019) provides a practical guide to using the OECD R&D Tax Incentives database, describing the R&D tax incentive time series data and highlighting their potential for internationally comparative work through descriptive indicators and econometric analysis.