Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and socio-economic objectives — Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) by country
This table contains data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) by socio-economic objective (SEO), using the NABS 2007 classification i.e.: Exploration and exploitation of the Earth, Environment, Exploration and exploitation of space, Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures, Energy, Industrial...
What the numbers show
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and socio-economic objectives — Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is currently reported for 40 countries. The highest value is 636,172 US dollars, PPP converted in United States; the lowest is 411.22 US dollars, PPP converted in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 7,650 US dollars, PPP converted, and the mean is 41,702 US dollars, PPP converted.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 1,547.
Over the past decade 37 countries rose and 1 fell. The largest increase was in Mexico (up 188.2%), and the largest decrease in Argentina (down 4.9%).
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 636,172 US dollars, PPP converted | 2018 | up 31.1% | rising |
| 1 | Japan | 204,376 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 2 | Germany | 155,922 US dollars, PPP converted | 2021 | up 25.1% | rising |
| 3 | United Kingdom | 102,458 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | — | rising |
| 3 | France | 79,386 US dollars, PPP converted | 2019 | — | rising |
| 4 | Chinese Taipei | 65,085 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 88.4% | rising |
| 4 | Türkiye | 45,563 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 175.8% | volatile |
| 5 | Russian Federation | 46,621 US dollars, PPP converted | 2019 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 5 | Poland | 24,416 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 155.0% | volatile |
| 6 | Italy | 41,760 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 17.0% | rising |
| 6 | Netherlands | 14,730 US dollars, PPP converted | 2001 | up 27.5% | rising |
| 7 | Spain | 32,358 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 42.4% | volatile |
| 8 | Israel | 30,586 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 126.3% | volatile |
| 8 | Croatia | 1,996 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 128.9% | rising |
| 9 | Australia | 26,905 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 1.6% | volatile |
| 9 | Slovenia | 1,635 US dollars, PPP converted | 2016 | up 42.7% | rising |
| 10 | Sweden | 23,001 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 34.5% | rising |
| 10 | Lithuania | 1,328 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 51.2% | rising |
| 11 | Switzerland | 22,104 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 36.1% | rising |
| 11 | Estonia | 1,030 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 12 | Austria | 18,446 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 23.5% | volatile |
| 12 | Latvia | 550.95 US dollars, PPP converted | 2022 | up 49.5% | rising |
| 13 | Denmark | 12,064 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 24.6% | rising |
| 14 | Norway | 8,279 US dollars, PPP converted | 2021 | up 38.7% | rising |
| 15 | Finland | 7,664 US dollars, PPP converted | 2001 | up 122.3% | rising |
| 16 | Portugal | 7,636 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 17 | Mexico | 7,455 US dollars, PPP converted | 2003 | up 188.2% | rising |
| 18 | Argentina | 6,914 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | down 4.9% | rising |
| 19 | Ireland | 6,153 US dollars, PPP converted | 2021 | up 52.0% | volatile |
| 20 | Greece | 5,542 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 106.1% | volatile |
| 21 | Hungary | 5,269 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 35.4% | rising |
| 22 | South Africa | 5,107 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 23 | Czechia | 4,712 US dollars, PPP converted | 2006 | up 85.7% | rising |
| 24 | New Zealand | 3,937 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 84.5% | rising |
| 25 | Romania | 3,637 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 89.6% | rising |
| 26 | Colombia | 2,274 US dollars, PPP converted | 2020 | up 91.0% | rising |
| 27 | Chile | 2,189 US dollars, PPP converted | 2022 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 28 | Bulgaria | 1,529 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 62.4% | rising |
| 29 | Luxembourg | 860.1 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 5.0% | rising |
| 30 | Iceland | 411.22 US dollars, PPP converted | 2011 | up 6.4% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Korea 141,654 US dollars, PPP converted
- Slovak Republic 2,167 US dollars, PPP converted
About this data
This table contains data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) by socio-economic objective (SEO), using the NABS 2007 classification i.e.: Exploration and exploitation of the Earth, Environment, Exploration and exploitation of space, Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures, Energy, Industrial production and technology, Health, Agriculture, Education, Culture, recreation, religion and mass media, Political and social systems, structures and processes, General advancement of knowledge, and Defence.