Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports by country
Trade in employment by characteristics adds a dimension to labour market indicators published in TiM database and is designed to complement OECD's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators (TiVA). Estimates of employment embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's...
What the numbers show
Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition — Domestic employment embodied in gross exports is currently reported for 58 countries. The highest value is 3,673 Persons in China; the lowest is 0 Persons in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 32.8 Persons, and the mean is 244.41 Persons.
Over the past decade 25 countries rose and 31 fell. The largest increase was in Kazakhstan (up 79.2%), and the largest decrease in Iceland (down 100.0%).
Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 3,673 Persons | 2016 | down 17.1% | falling |
| 1 | United States | 667.6 Persons | 2022 | down 19.5% | falling |
| 2 | OECD | 2,411 Persons | 2022 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 165.4 Persons | 2022 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 3 | India | 1,526 Persons | 2022 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 4 | Brazil | 1,331 Persons | 2022 | up 34.6% | rising |
| 4 | Netherlands | 124.5 Persons | 2022 | up 10.6% | rising |
| 5 | Argentina | 567.6 Persons | 2022 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 5 | Türkiye | 120.2 Persons | 2022 | up 69.1% | rising |
| 6 | Colombia | 364.5 Persons | 2022 | up 51.1% | rising |
| 6 | Viet Nam | 323.9 Persons | 2022 | up 5.4% | flat |
| 6 | Poland | 34.3 Persons | 2022 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 7 | Mexico | 308.1 Persons | 2022 | down 14.5% | flat |
| 7 | Croatia | 5 Persons | 2022 | down 51.5% | falling |
| 8 | Peru | 306.6 Persons | 2022 | up 8.8% | flat |
| 9 | Russian Federation | 252.2 Persons | 2022 | up 36.8% | rising |
| 9 | Lithuania | 2 Persons | 2022 | down 4.8% | rising |
| 10 | Thailand | 241.2 Persons | 2022 | down 11.3% | falling |
| 10 | Slovenia | 1.2 Persons | 2022 | down 36.8% | falling |
| 11 | Germany | 237.5 Persons | 2022 | down 14.6% | falling |
| 11 | Latvia | 0.3 Persons | 2022 | down 62.5% | volatile |
| 11 | Estonia | 0.3 Persons | 2022 | down 62.5% | falling |
| 12 | Chile | 185.8 Persons | 2022 | down 34.8% | falling |
| 13 | Spain | 166.6 Persons | 2022 | up 7.1% | rising |
| 14 | Japan | 157.4 Persons | 2022 | up 6.2% | flat |
| 15 | Italy | 135.7 Persons | 2022 | down 3.3% | rising |
| 16 | France | 124.3 Persons | 2022 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 17 | Canada | 84.5 Persons | 2022 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 18 | Philippines | 65.9 Persons | 2022 | down 17.3% | falling |
| 19 | Malaysia | 57.9 Persons | 2022 | down 38.9% | falling |
| 20 | Egypt | 48.4 Persons | 2022 | up 63.0% | rising |
| 21 | Portugal | 48.3 Persons | 2022 | up 5.5% | rising |
| 22 | Chinese Taipei | 36.9 Persons | 2020 | down 54.7% | falling |
| 23 | Switzerland | 33.9 Persons | 2022 | down 2.3% | falling |
| 24 | Sweden | 31.7 Persons | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 25 | Israel | 30.2 Persons | 2022 | up 17.1% | falling |
| 26 | Norway | 24.3 Persons | 2022 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 27 | Belgium | 23.5 Persons | 2022 | up 19.9% | rising |
| 28 | Hungary | 22.2 Persons | 2022 | up 30.6% | rising |
| 29 | Denmark | 21.2 Persons | 2022 | up 26.9% | rising |
| 30 | Finland | 20.1 Persons | 2022 | up 10.4% | falling |
| 31 | Australia | 20 Persons | 2022 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 32 | Austria | 19.3 Persons | 2022 | down 16.5% | falling |
| 33 | Saudi Arabia | 18.2 Persons | 2021 | up 32.8% | rising |
| 34 | Ukraine | 17.7 Persons | 2021 | down 29.5% | falling |
| 35 | Ireland | 16.1 Persons | 2022 | up 51.9% | rising |
| 36 | Greece | 15.7 Persons | 2022 | down 14.2% | rising |
| 37 | Singapore | 15.6 Persons | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 38 | Romania | 14.2 Persons | 2022 | down 5.3% | rising |
| 39 | Czechia | 13.8 Persons | 2022 | down 23.3% | falling |
| 40 | Costa Rica | 12.9 Persons | 2022 | up 4.0% | falling |
| 41 | New Zealand | 10.7 Persons | 2022 | down 25.2% | falling |
| 42 | Bulgaria | 9.8 Persons | 2022 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 43 | Kazakhstan | 4.3 Persons | 2022 | up 79.2% | rising |
| 44 | Luxembourg | 3.5 Persons | 2022 | up 16.7% | rising |
| 45 | Malta | 1.2 Persons | 2022 | down 36.8% | falling |
| 46 | Cyprus | 0.5 Persons | 2022 | down 28.6% | rising |
| 47 | Iceland | 0 Persons | 2022 | down 100.0% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- European Union (28 countries) 1,263 Persons
- European Union (15 countries) 1,153 Persons
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) 1,097 Persons
- Korea 149.2 Persons
- NAFTA 1,060 Persons
- Euro area (19 countries) 945.2 Persons
- European Union 28 excluding European Union 15 countries 109.4 Persons
- Slovak Republic 4.6 Persons
About this data
Trade in employment by characteristics adds a dimension to labour market indicators published in TiM database and is designed to complement OECD's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators (TiVA). Estimates of employment embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy. TiM indicators by characteristics are calculated using the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables, (ICIO), with recent official statistics of employment by industrial activity. • TiM web page. • TiM by characteristics documentation • ReadMe TiM by characteristics • Contact: icio-tiva.contact@oecd.org