Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition — Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand by country
Trade in employment by characteristics adds a dimension to labour market indicators published in TiM database and is designed to complement OECD's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators (TiVA). Estimates of employment embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's...
What the numbers show
Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition — Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand is currently reported for 58 countries. The highest value is 3,794 Persons in China; the lowest is 0.8 Persons in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 40.1 Persons, and the mean is 259.92 Persons.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 4,743.
Over the past decade 29 countries rose and 28 fell. The largest increase was in Türkiye (up 64.5%), and the largest decrease in Chinese Taipei (down 43.4%).
Trade in employment by workforce characteristics (TiMBC) 2025 edition: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 3,794 Persons | 2016 | down 18.6% | falling |
| 1 | United States | 647.7 Persons | 2022 | down 22.3% | falling |
| 2 | OECD | 2,666 Persons | 2022 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 193.4 Persons | 2022 | up 8.0% | rising |
| 3 | India | 1,611 Persons | 2022 | down 10.7% | falling |
| 4 | Brazil | 1,218 Persons | 2022 | up 37.4% | rising |
| 4 | Türkiye | 138.2 Persons | 2022 | up 64.5% | rising |
| 5 | Argentina | 501.7 Persons | 2022 | down 18.4% | falling |
| 5 | Netherlands | 130.3 Persons | 2022 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 6 | Viet Nam | 391.8 Persons | 2022 | up 11.1% | rising |
| 6 | Colombia | 327.4 Persons | 2022 | up 49.2% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 65 Persons | 2022 | up 23.6% | rising |
| 7 | Mexico | 306.5 Persons | 2022 | down 14.5% | flat |
| 8 | Russian Federation | 304.3 Persons | 2022 | up 13.8% | rising |
| 8 | Croatia | 8.6 Persons | 2022 | down 35.3% | falling |
| 9 | Germany | 287.1 Persons | 2022 | down 12.4% | flat |
| 9 | Lithuania | 6.1 Persons | 2022 | up 22.0% | rising |
| 10 | Thailand | 275.7 Persons | 2022 | down 10.8% | falling |
| 10 | Slovenia | 5.2 Persons | 2022 | down 3.7% | rising |
| 11 | Peru | 274.7 Persons | 2022 | up 7.1% | flat |
| 11 | Estonia | 2.9 Persons | 2022 | down 3.3% | flat |
| 12 | Japan | 212.6 Persons | 2022 | up 6.2% | flat |
| 12 | Latvia | 2.7 Persons | 2022 | down 3.6% | falling |
| 13 | Spain | 177.6 Persons | 2022 | up 7.2% | rising |
| 14 | Chile | 171 Persons | 2022 | down 33.5% | falling |
| 15 | Italy | 155.8 Persons | 2022 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 16 | France | 151.5 Persons | 2022 | up 3.3% | rising |
| 17 | Philippines | 113 Persons | 2022 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 18 | Canada | 104 Persons | 2022 | up 15.7% | rising |
| 19 | Malaysia | 88.1 Persons | 2022 | down 28.8% | falling |
| 20 | Chinese Taipei | 63.7 Persons | 2020 | down 43.4% | falling |
| 21 | Egypt | 54.9 Persons | 2022 | up 46.4% | rising |
| 22 | Portugal | 52.2 Persons | 2022 | up 3.6% | rising |
| 23 | Switzerland | 41.2 Persons | 2022 | down 3.1% | falling |
| 24 | Sweden | 39 Persons | 2022 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 25 | Belgium | 35.2 Persons | 2022 | up 10.0% | rising |
| 26 | Australia | 32.8 Persons | 2022 | up 3.5% | flat |
| 26 | Ukraine | 32.8 Persons | 2021 | down 28.7% | falling |
| 28 | Israel | 32.6 Persons | 2022 | up 10.9% | falling |
| 29 | Hungary | 31.8 Persons | 2022 | up 21.8% | rising |
| 30 | Austria | 28.1 Persons | 2022 | down 9.4% | flat |
| 31 | Singapore | 27.7 Persons | 2022 | up 1.5% | flat |
| 32 | Norway | 26.4 Persons | 2022 | down 5.4% | flat |
| 33 | Romania | 26.2 Persons | 2022 | up 8.3% | rising |
| 34 | Czechia | 25.4 Persons | 2022 | down 18.1% | falling |
| 35 | Denmark | 25.1 Persons | 2022 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 35 | Saudi Arabia | 25.1 Persons | 2021 | up 3.7% | flat |
| 37 | Finland | 23.9 Persons | 2022 | up 8.6% | falling |
| 38 | Ireland | 22.6 Persons | 2022 | up 51.7% | rising |
| 39 | Greece | 21.1 Persons | 2022 | down 4.1% | rising |
| 40 | Kazakhstan | 20.7 Persons | 2022 | up 2.5% | flat |
| 41 | Bulgaria | 16.5 Persons | 2022 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 42 | Costa Rica | 15 Persons | 2022 | up 4.9% | falling |
| 43 | New Zealand | 12.4 Persons | 2022 | down 23.0% | falling |
| 44 | Luxembourg | 5.6 Persons | 2022 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 45 | Malta | 2.2 Persons | 2022 | down 15.4% | rising |
| 46 | Cyprus | 1.6 Persons | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 47 | Iceland | 0.8 Persons | 2022 | down 11.1% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- European Union (28 countries) 1,554 Persons
- European Union (27 countries from 01/02/2020) 1,360 Persons
- European Union (15 countries) 1,349 Persons
- Korea 181.1 Persons
- Euro area (19 countries) 1,122 Persons
- NAFTA 1,058 Persons
- European Union 28 excluding European Union 15 countries 204.9 Persons
- Slovak Republic 10.6 Persons
About this data
Trade in employment by characteristics adds a dimension to labour market indicators published in TiM database and is designed to complement OECD's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators (TiVA). Estimates of employment embodied in foreign final demand (or in gross exports) can reveal the extent to which a country's workforce depends on its integration into the global economy. TiM indicators by characteristics are calculated using the OECD's Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables, (ICIO), with recent official statistics of employment by industrial activity. • TiM web page. • TiM by characteristics documentation • ReadMe TiM by characteristics • Contact: icio-tiva.contact@oecd.org