Total reserves (includes gold, current US$), per unit of GDP by country
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
181
Highest
2.18 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP
Libya
Lowest
0.0043 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP
Sudan
Median
0.1683 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP
Years covered
66
1960–2025
Data points
9,273
What the numbers show
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$), per unit of GDP is currently reported for 181 countries. The highest value is 2.18 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP in Libya; the lowest is 0.0043 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP in Sudan.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.1683 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP, and the mean is 0.2326 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 505.
Over the past decade 113 countries rose and 68 fell. The largest increase was in Syrian Arab Republic (up 1,694.6%), and the largest decrease in Bolivia, Plurinational State of (down 97.7%).
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$), per unit of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Libya | 2.18 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 36.5% | volatile |
| 2 | Lebanon | 1.28 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 21.7% | rising |
| 3 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 1.27 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 421.2% | volatile |
| 4 | Hong Kong, China | 1.12 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 1.0% | rising |
| 5 | Switzerland | 1.03 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 20.8% | volatile |
| 6 | Singapore | 0.7156 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 12.5% | rising |
| 7 | Mauritius | 0.638 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 82.2% | volatile |
| 8 | Turkmenistan | 0.6174 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 1999 | up 145.7% | rising |
| 9 | Tonga | 0.6076 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 70.3% | rising |
| 10 | Macau, China | 0.5885 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.0% | volatile |
| 11 | Cambodia | 0.5369 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 76.0% | volatile |
| 12 | Thailand | 0.4892 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 25.5% | volatile |
| 13 | Afghanistan | 0.4885 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 50.1% | rising |
| 14 | Vanuatu | 0.4736 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 126.3% | volatile |
| 15 | Samoa | 0.4646 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 241.1% | volatile |
| 16 | Nepal | 0.4638 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 38.7% | volatile |
| 17 | Aruba | 0.4564 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 87.2% | rising |
| 18 | Czechia | 0.4509 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 32.2% | volatile |
| 19 | Timor-Leste | 0.4471 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 62.4% | rising |
| 20 | Solomon Islands | 0.433 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 16.6% | volatile |
| 21 | Jordan | 0.4311 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.3% | rising |
| 22 | United Arab Emirates | 0.4308 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 133.4% | volatile |
| 23 | Lesotho | 0.4215 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 4.8% | rising |
| 24 | San Marino | 0.4124 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 28.4% | rising |
| 25 | Cape Verde | 0.4119 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 26 | Saudi Arabia | 0.3956 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 56.2% | volatile |
| 27 | Israel | 0.3757 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 25.6% | volatile |
| 28 | Nicaragua | 0.3743 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 91.6% | volatile |
| 29 | Brunei Darussalam | 0.3651 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.2% | volatile |
| 30 | Bulgaria | 0.3605 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 17.4% | rising |
| 31 | Iraq | 0.3601 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 24.1% | volatile |
| 32 | Suriname | 0.3572 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 454.4% | volatile |
| 33 | Seychelles | 0.3472 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 3.6% | volatile |
| 34 | Serbia | 0.3417 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 24.4% | flat |
| 35 | Uzbekistan | 0.3398 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 28.2% | rising |
| 36 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.3361 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2010 | up 1,694.6% | volatile |
| 37 | Bhutan | 0.3328 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 34.0% | rising |
| 38 | Kuwait | 0.3291 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 21.8% | rising |
| 39 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.3167 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 20.9% | rising |
| 40 | Japan | 0.3092 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 13.7% | volatile |
| 41 | North Macedonia | 0.3039 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.8% | rising |
| 42 | Republic of Moldova | 0.2951 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 31.0% | rising |
| 43 | Grenada | 0.2874 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 44.7% | rising |
| 44 | Albania | 0.2816 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 2.9% | rising |
| 45 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.2802 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 46 | Russian Federation | 0.2782 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 48.4% | volatile |
| 47 | Jamaica | 0.2776 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 48 | Denmark | 0.2762 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 27.9% | volatile |
| 49 | Mongolia | 0.2761 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 142.6% | rising |
| 50 | Peru | 0.2699 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 16.8% | volatile |
| 51 | Fiji | 0.2677 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 36.4% | rising |
| 52 | Ukraine | 0.2673 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 83.0% | volatile |
| 53 | Malaysia | 0.2661 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 15.9% | rising |
| 54 | Morocco | 0.2657 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 28.9% | volatile |
| 55 | Guatemala | 0.2656 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 113.3% | volatile |
| 56 | Poland | 0.2625 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 32.8% | rising |
| 57 | Gambia | 0.2615 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 101.8% | volatile |
| 58 | Qatar | 0.2591 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 12.5% | rising |
| 59 | Honduras | 0.2577 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 44.0% | volatile |
| 60 | Algeria | 0.2526 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 68.6% | volatile |
| 61 | Tajikistan | 0.244 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 309.1% | volatile |
| 62 | Hungary | 0.2397 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 9.4% | rising |
| 63 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.2383 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 20.9% | volatile |
| 64 | Montenegro | 0.2379 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 39.9% | rising |
| 65 | Korea | 0.2332 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.1% | volatile |
| 66 | Philippines | 0.2277 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 13.5% | volatile |
| 67 | Dominica | 0.2275 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.1% | volatile |
| 68 | Comoros | 0.2254 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 69 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.224 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 6.1% | rising |
| 70 | Uruguay | 0.2225 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 17.9% | rising |
| 71 | Mauritania | 0.2211 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 197.7% | volatile |
| 72 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.2185 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 44.0% | volatile |
| 73 | Barbados | 0.2177 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 95.7% | rising |
| 74 | Kazakhstan | 0.2157 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 42.8% | rising |
| 75 | Paraguay | 0.2139 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 23.6% | volatile |
| 76 | Romania | 0.2115 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.8% | rising |
| 77 | Namibia | 0.2059 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 38.2% | volatile |
| 78 | Iceland | 0.2004 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 29.6% | volatile |
| 79 | Portugal | 0.1986 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 103.7% | falling |
| 80 | China | 0.1923 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 36.3% | volatile |
| 81 | Tunisia | 0.1817 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 21.9% | volatile |
| 82 | Botswana | 0.1792 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 66.7% | falling |
| 83 | Azerbaijan | 0.1785 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 84 | South Africa | 0.178 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 34.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Central African Republic | 0.1778 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 29.8% | volatile |
| 86 | India | 0.177 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.4% | volatile |
| 87 | Armenia | 0.174 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 3.4% | rising |
| 88 | Oman | 0.1707 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 3.1% | rising |
| 89 | Italy | 0.1701 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 140.4% | rising |
| 90 | Mozambique | 0.1689 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 5.7% | rising |
| 91 | Saint Lucia | 0.1683 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.2% | rising |
| 92 | Belize | 0.1682 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 15.6% | volatile |
| 93 | Viet Nam | 0.1663 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.8% | rising |
| 94 | Bahamas | 0.1662 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 111.8% | volatile |
| 95 | Costa Rica | 0.166 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 19.6% | rising |
| 96 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.1619 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 34.6% | rising |
| 97 | Zambia | 0.1616 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 42.5% | volatile |
| 98 | Georgia | 0.1614 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 99 | Norway | 0.1611 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 12.3% | rising |
| 100 | Madagascar | 0.1583 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 156.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Nigeria | 0.1583 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 169.0% | volatile |
| 102 | Brazil | 0.1572 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 20.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Belarus | 0.1555 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 110.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Colombia | 0.1439 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 8.7% | volatile |
| 105 | Djibouti | 0.1418 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.8% | flat |
| 106 | Myanmar | 0.1399 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 4.6% | volatile |
| 107 | Mexico | 0.1398 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.5% | volatile |
| 108 | Chile | 0.1384 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 13.2% | volatile |
| 109 | Yemen | 0.1381 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | down 54.4% | volatile |
| 110 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0.1341 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 44.4% | rising |
| 111 | Egypt | 0.1338 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 177.9% | volatile |
| 112 | El Salvador | 0.1312 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.4% | rising |
| 113 | France | 0.1272 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 124.8% | rising |
| 114 | Maldives | 0.1272 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 115 | Latvia | 0.1255 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.1% | flat |
| 116 | Kosovo | 0.1217 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 116 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | 0.1217 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 118 | Papua New Guinea | 0.1204 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 20.0% | falling |
| 119 | Rwanda | 0.1199 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.3% | volatile |
| 120 | Slovakia | 0.1175 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 262.4% | volatile |
| 121 | Türkiye | 0.1162 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 9.0% | volatile |
| 122 | Dominican Republic | 0.116 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 56.3% | volatile |
| 123 | Germany | 0.1133 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 123.3% | falling |
| 124 | Sweden | 0.1109 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.2% | rising |
| 125 | Angola | 0.1108 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 52.2% | volatile |
| 126 | Eswatini | 0.1104 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 31.5% | falling |
| 127 | Indonesia | 0.1083 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 12.0% | rising |
| 128 | Bahrain | 0.1076 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 129 | New Zealand | 0.1066 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 29.2% | rising |
| 130 | Palestine, State of | 0.1063 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 155.7% | rising |
| 131 | Haiti | 0.1058 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 17.4% | volatile |
| 132 | Cameroon | 0.095 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 9.1% | volatile |
| 133 | Austria | 0.0922 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 57.4% | falling |
| 134 | Kenya | 0.0912 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 14.9% | rising |
| 135 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 0.0886 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | down 13.5% | volatile |
| 136 | Netherlands | 0.0886 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 79.8% | falling |
| 137 | Greece | 0.0857 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 176.6% | volatile |
| 138 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 0.0845 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2017 | down 42.3% | falling |
| 139 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.0812 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 39.2% | volatile |
| 140 | Chad | 0.0777 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 31.1% | volatile |
| 141 | Belgium | 0.0777 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 48.7% | volatile |
| 142 | Ecuador | 0.0752 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 193.8% | rising |
| 143 | Lithuania | 0.0741 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 81.5% | falling |
| 144 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 0.0731 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 51.9% | volatile |
| 145 | Cyprus | 0.0715 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 76.2% | volatile |
| 146 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.0713 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 67.1% | flat |
| 147 | Finland | 0.0708 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 64.9% | rising |
| 148 | Panama | 0.069 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 13.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Spain | 0.0675 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 50.7% | falling |
| 150 | Pakistan | 0.065 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 151 | Uganda | 0.0646 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 36.5% | volatile |
| 152 | Liberia | 0.0646 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 62.8% | volatile |
| 153 | Bangladesh | 0.0626 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 55.6% | volatile |
| 154 | Sierra Leone | 0.0622 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 20.5% | volatile |
| 155 | Sri Lanka | 0.0612 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 38.5% | volatile |
| 156 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 0.061 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 1982 | down 1.4% | volatile |
| 157 | Argentina | 0.06 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 39.9% | volatile |
| 158 | Eritrea | 0.0558 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2011 | down 16.7% | volatile |
| 159 | Malta | 0.0556 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.3% | volatile |
| 160 | Canada | 0.0542 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.7% | falling |
| 161 | Guinea | 0.0538 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 52.0% | volatile |
| 162 | Ghana | 0.0537 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 47.2% | rising |
| 163 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 0.0536 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 6.5% | rising |
| 164 | Estonia | 0.0519 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 191.4% | volatile |
| 165 | Malawi | 0.0505 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 57.2% | volatile |
| 166 | Guyana | 0.05 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 59.7% | volatile |
| 167 | Congo | 0.0483 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 82.4% | volatile |
| 168 | United States of America | 0.045 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 114.7% | falling |
| 169 | Slovenia | 0.0446 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 122.3% | volatile |
| 170 | Australia | 0.0404 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 20.7% | falling |
| 171 | Croatia | 0.0401 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 86.3% | volatile |
| 172 | Cayman Islands | 0.0325 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 10.8% | flat |
| 173 | Gabon | 0.0306 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 77.5% | volatile |
| 174 | Luxembourg | 0.0302 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 135.4% | volatile |
| 175 | Burundi | 0.0264 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 80.3% | volatile |
| 176 | Ethiopia | 0.0253 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 60.1% | volatile |
| 177 | Somalia | 0.0196 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 1989 | down 77.6% | volatile |
| 178 | Ireland | 0.0189 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 159.5% | volatile |
| 179 | Zimbabwe | 0.0117 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 37.4% | volatile |
| 180 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 0.009 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 97.7% | volatile |
| 181 | Sudan | 0.0043 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2017 | down 81.4% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Euro area 0.1169 includes gold, current US$ per US$ of GDP
How this figure is calculated
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) ÷ GDP (current US$)
Computed from
- Total reserves International Financial Statistics database, International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.