Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant investment by country
The Subnational Government Climate Finance database provides comparable data on subnational public climate-significant expenditure and investment, covering the years from 2001 to 2023, for 33 OECD and EU countries. This database was built using a pioneer methodology developed in the framework of the project...
What the numbers show
Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant investment is currently reported for 31 countries. The highest value is 1.48 Percentage of GDP in Slovenia; the lowest is 0.094 Percentage of GDP in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.685 Percentage of GDP, and the mean is 0.6938 Percentage of GDP.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 16.
Over the past decade 22 countries rose and 9 fell. The largest increase was in Estonia (up 79.9%), and the largest decrease in Hungary (down 45.0%).
Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Slovenia | 1.48 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 23.7% | volatile |
| 2 | Israel | 1.39 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 20.9% | rising |
| 3 | Latvia | 1.09 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 46.4% | rising |
| 4 | Luxembourg | 1.01 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 51.4% | rising |
| 5 | Norway | 0.962 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 70.0% | rising |
| 6 | Sweden | 0.927 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 53.7% | rising |
| 7 | Czechia | 0.914 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 22.7% | falling |
| 8 | Japan | 0.893 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 11.3% | rising |
| 9 | Austria | 0.884 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 22.6% | rising |
| 10 | Italy | 0.87 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 46.7% | flat |
| 11 | Hungary | 0.807 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 45.0% | rising |
| 12 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 0.806 Percentage of GDP | 2022 | up 26.9% | rising |
| 13 | Poland | 0.796 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 61.8% | rising |
| 14 | Australia | 0.705 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 69.9% | rising |
| 15 | Bulgaria | 0.694 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 0.7% | falling |
| 16 | France | 0.685 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 3.0% | rising |
| 17 | Estonia | 0.617 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 79.9% | falling |
| 18 | Croatia | 0.6 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 37.8% | rising |
| 19 | Belgium | 0.564 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 12.8% | flat |
| 20 | Spain | 0.523 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 34.1% | falling |
| 21 | Greece | 0.512 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 22 | Lithuania | 0.494 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 22.8% | falling |
| 23 | Netherlands | 0.472 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 36.7% | falling |
| 24 | Romania | 0.442 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 20.4% | rising |
| 25 | Switzerland | 0.427 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 17.1% | falling |
| 26 | Denmark | 0.409 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 2.2% | rising |
| 27 | Portugal | 0.408 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 12.1% | falling |
| 28 | Germany | 0.403 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 3.3% | rising |
| 29 | Ireland | 0.356 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 78.0% | falling |
| 30 | Finland | 0.275 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 20.7% | flat |
| 31 | Iceland | 0.094 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 27.0% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Slovak Republic 0.844 Percentage of GDP
About this data
The Subnational Government Climate Finance database provides comparable data on subnational public climate-significant expenditure and investment, covering the years from 2001 to 2023, for 33 OECD and EU countries. This database was built using a pioneer methodology developed in the framework of the project “Financing Climate Action in Regions and Cities”, a joint 2022 project between the OECD and the European Commission Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO). The methodology relies on a refined approach to the COFOG classification from the System of National Accounts. Using the EU taxonomy for sustainability activities, three first-level COFOG functions (economic affairs and housing and community amenities) and 13 second-level COFOG functions (e.g. transport and energy, environmental protection, waste, water management, housing development) were identified as being “climate-significant”, meaning that expenditure and investment in these areas contributes, to some extent, to climate adaptation or mitigation objectives. For more information on the methodology used and related work on climate finance tracking, please visit: Tracking subnational government climate expenditure