Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant expenditure by country
The Subnational Government Climate Finance database provides comparable data on subnational public climate-significant expenditure and investment, covering the years from 2001 to 2023, for 33 OECD and EU countries. This database was built using a pioneer methodology developed in the framework of the project...
What the numbers show
Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant expenditure is currently reported for 32 countries. The highest value is 3.46 Percentage of GDP in Italy; the lowest is 0.946 Percentage of GDP in Ireland.
The median across all reporting countries is 2.5 Percentage of GDP, and the mean is 2.37 Percentage of GDP.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 4.
Over the past decade 23 countries rose and 8 fell. The largest increase was in Poland (up 112.2%), and the largest decrease in Belgium (down 21.5%).
Subnational government climate finance — Climate significant: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Italy | 3.46 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 29.7% | rising |
| 1 | Türkiye | 1.36 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 2 | Latvia | 3.31 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 3 | Slovenia | 3.29 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 18.6% | rising |
| 4 | Luxembourg | 3.27 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 53.8% | rising |
| 5 | Hungary | 3.25 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 6 | Israel | 3.19 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 7 | Austria | 3.08 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 18.6% | flat |
| 8 | Norway | 2.96 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 70.5% | rising |
| 9 | United Kingdom | 2.94 Percentage of GDP | 2022 | down 16.0% | rising |
| 10 | Czechia | 2.88 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 12.5% | flat |
| 11 | Croatia | 2.82 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 0.6% | rising |
| 12 | Sweden | 2.73 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 32.2% | rising |
| 13 | France | 2.7 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 14.1% | rising |
| 14 | Belgium | 2.67 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 15 | Netherlands | 2.59 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 16 | Bulgaria | 2.54 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 46.4% | rising |
| 17 | Australia | 2.45 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 15.2% | rising |
| 18 | Greece | 2.35 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 19 | Poland | 2.32 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 112.2% | rising |
| 20 | Switzerland | 2.13 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 11.5% | falling |
| 21 | Estonia | 2.09 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 66.8% | flat |
| 22 | Spain | 2.07 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 25.2% | flat |
| 23 | Germany | 2.06 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 35.0% | rising |
| 24 | Japan | 1.94 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 25 | Portugal | 1.66 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 26.6% | rising |
| 26 | Romania | 1.65 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 21.1% | rising |
| 27 | Denmark | 1.57 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 8.0% | rising |
| 28 | Lithuania | 1.5 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 10.8% | rising |
| 29 | Finland | 1.12 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 5.1% | rising |
| 30 | Iceland | 1.03 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | up 40.5% | rising |
| 31 | Ireland | 0.946 Percentage of GDP | 2023 | down 10.1% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Slovak Republic 2.99 Percentage of GDP
About this data
The Subnational Government Climate Finance database provides comparable data on subnational public climate-significant expenditure and investment, covering the years from 2001 to 2023, for 33 OECD and EU countries. This database was built using a pioneer methodology developed in the framework of the project “Financing Climate Action in Regions and Cities”, a joint 2022 project between the OECD and the European Commission Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO). The methodology relies on a refined approach to the COFOG classification from the System of National Accounts. Using the EU taxonomy for sustainability activities, three first-level COFOG functions (economic affairs and housing and community amenities) and 13 second-level COFOG functions (e.g. transport and energy, environmental protection, waste, water management, housing development) were identified as being “climate-significant”, meaning that expenditure and investment in these areas contributes, to some extent, to climate adaptation or mitigation objectives. For more information on the methodology used and related work on climate finance tracking, please visit: Tracking subnational government climate expenditure