Secondary income receipts (BoP, current US$) by country
Secondary income refers to transfers recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or financial items without a quid pro quo. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been...
What the numbers show
Secondary income receipts (BoP, current US$) is currently reported for 199 countries. The highest value is 225.00 billion BoP, current US$ in United States; the lowest is 4.03 million BoP, current US$ in Equatorial Guinea.
The median across all reporting countries is 2.04 billion BoP, current US$, and the mean is 9.27 billion BoP, current US$.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 55,873.
Over the past decade 169 countries rose and 29 fell. The largest increase was in Papua New Guinea (up 7,470.2%), and the largest decrease in Congo (down 88.8%).
Secondary income receipts (BoP, current US$): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 225.00 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 69.3% | volatile |
| 2 | India | 145.75 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 114.9% | volatile |
| 3 | Germany | 134.47 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 70.3% | volatile |
| 4 | Switzerland | 73.64 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 88.2% | volatile |
| 5 | France | 70.01 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 118.5% | volatile |
| 6 | Mexico | 63.43 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 144.4% | volatile |
| 7 | China | 46.12 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 28.3% | volatile |
| 8 | Pakistan | 42.92 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 91.7% | volatile |
| 9 | Egypt | 42.00 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 122.0% | volatile |
| 10 | United Kingdom | 41.48 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 7.8% | volatile |
| 11 | Japan | 40.02 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 136.1% | volatile |
| 12 | Singapore | 36.38 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 269.1% | volatile |
| 13 | Philippines | 33.88 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 40.6% | volatile |
| 14 | Bangladesh | 33.80 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 113.2% | volatile |
| 15 | Spain | 33.80 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 108.9% | volatile |
| 16 | Italy | 29.74 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 105.0% | volatile |
| 17 | Ukraine | 28.90 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 531.9% | volatile |
| 18 | Belgium | 28.66 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 156.1% | rising |
| 19 | Guatemala | 26.78 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 269.2% | volatile |
| 20 | Nigeria | 24.01 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 8.5% | volatile |
| 21 | Netherlands | 19.96 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 74.0% | volatile |
| 22 | Vietnam | 19.77 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 130.2% | volatile |
| 23 | Thailand | 18.31 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 74.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Indonesia | 18.13 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 75.0% | volatile |
| 25 | Colombia | 17.99 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 174.1% | volatile |
| 26 | Luxembourg | 16.54 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 66.7% | rising |
| 27 | Nepal | 15.97 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 110.5% | volatile |
| 28 | Morocco | 15.45 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 91.2% | volatile |
| 29 | Poland | 15.39 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 66.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Uzbekistan | 15.24 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 430.3% | volatile |
| 31 | Canada | 15.23 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 77.8% | volatile |
| 32 | Israel | 14.21 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 46.9% | volatile |
| 33 | Dominican Republic | 13.17 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 134.3% | volatile |
| 34 | Honduras | 12.99 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 221.8% | volatile |
| 35 | Portugal | 12.41 billion BoP, current US$ | 2022 | up 54.7% | volatile |
| 36 | Russia | 11.79 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 17.6% | volatile |
| 37 | Norway | 11.43 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 170.2% | volatile |
| 38 | Ireland | 10.96 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 147.5% | rising |
| 39 | Romania | 10.56 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 60.0% | volatile |
| 40 | South Korea | 10.43 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 17.9% | volatile |
| 41 | El Salvador | 10.36 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 128.9% | volatile |
| 42 | Malaysia | 10.27 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 237.7% | volatile |
| 43 | Australia | 9.55 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 52.9% | rising |
| 44 | Austria | 8.80 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 61.8% | rising |
| 45 | Brazil | 8.63 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 83.2% | volatile |
| 46 | Serbia | 8.45 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 101.5% | rising |
| 47 | Ethiopia | 8.37 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 33.4% | volatile |
| 48 | Peru | 8.37 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 89.5% | volatile |
| 49 | Ecuador | 8.25 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 212.1% | volatile |
| 50 | Greece | 8.24 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 280.5% | volatile |
| 51 | Sri Lanka | 8.08 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 15.3% | volatile |
| 52 | Sweden | 8.01 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 39.3% | volatile |
| 53 | Lebanon | 7.91 billion BoP, current US$ | 2023 | down 4.7% | rising |
| 54 | Ghana | 7.79 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 49.7% | volatile |
| 55 | Kenya | 7.46 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 112.3% | volatile |
| 56 | Denmark | 6.51 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 80.2% | volatile |
| 57 | Jordan | 6.47 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 18.0% | volatile |
| 58 | Czechia | 6.19 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 66.6% | volatile |
| 59 | Croatia | 6.08 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 127.4% | volatile |
| 60 | Cayman Islands | 5.80 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 1,237.1% | volatile |
| 61 | Yemen | 5.30 billion BoP, current US$ | 2016 | up 278.4% | volatile |
| 62 | Nicaragua | 5.27 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 263.6% | volatile |
| 63 | Chile | 5.05 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 37.4% | volatile |
| 64 | Turkey | 4.87 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 96.7% | rising |
| 65 | South Africa | 4.70 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 89.5% | volatile |
| 66 | Argentina | 4.65 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 81.5% | volatile |
| 67 | Hungary | 4.46 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 108.1% | volatile |
| 68 | Haiti | 4.35 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 120.1% | volatile |
| 69 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 4.23 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 75.3% | rising |
| 70 | Venezuela | 4.20 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 651.9% | volatile |
| 71 | Jamaica | 3.92 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 54.2% | volatile |
| 72 | Tunisia | 3.90 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 97.7% | volatile |
| 73 | Georgia | 3.68 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 228.6% | volatile |
| 74 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3.66 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 65.1% | rising |
| 75 | Belarus | 3.64 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 154.8% | volatile |
| 76 | Senegal | 3.56 billion BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 62.2% | volatile |
| 77 | Zimbabwe | 3.51 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 84.4% | volatile |
| 78 | Finland | 3.37 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 131.2% | volatile |
| 79 | Uganda | 3.36 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 121.1% | volatile |
| 80 | Kyrgyzstan | 3.25 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 24.4% | volatile |
| 81 | Tajikistan | 3.24 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 383.5% | volatile |
| 82 | North Macedonia | 3.02 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 61.2% | volatile |
| 83 | Hong Kong | 2.95 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 136.6% | volatile |
| 84 | Bulgaria | 2.90 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 2.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Myanmar | 2.77 billion BoP, current US$ | 2019 | up 457.2% | volatile |
| 86 | Algeria | 2.72 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 14.8% | volatile |
| 87 | Kazakhstan | 2.66 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 43.7% | volatile |
| 88 | Cambodia | 2.63 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 49.2% | volatile |
| 89 | Afghanistan | 2.52 billion BoP, current US$ | 2020 | down 24.9% | volatile |
| 90 | Kosovo | 2.49 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 98.5% | rising |
| 90 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | 2.49 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 98.5% | rising |
| 92 | Slovenia | 2.43 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 185.8% | volatile |
| 93 | Moldova | 2.36 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 93.3% | volatile |
| 94 | Cote d'Ivoire | 2.34 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 293.0% | volatile |
| 95 | Qatar | 2.27 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 262.5% | volatile |
| 96 | New Zealand | 2.24 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 44.4% | rising |
| 97 | Lithuania | 2.20 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 24.2% | volatile |
| 98 | Botswana | 2.15 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 21.9% | volatile |
| 99 | Latvia | 2.13 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 104.5% | volatile |
| 100 | Palestine | 2.04 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 6.8% | rising |
| 101 | Namibia | 1.87 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 0.4% | volatile |
| 102 | Albania | 1.80 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 76.1% | volatile |
| 103 | Slovakia | 1.69 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 64.1% | volatile |
| 104 | Sudan | 1.69 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 27.5% | volatile |
| 105 | Paraguay | 1.56 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 170.9% | volatile |
| 106 | Malta | 1.47 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 11.7% | volatile |
| 107 | Syria | 1.45 billion BoP, current US$ | 2010 | up 192.9% | volatile |
| 108 | Azerbaijan | 1.41 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 14.9% | volatile |
| 109 | Guyana | 1.41 billion BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 125.7% | volatile |
| 110 | Costa Rica | 1.39 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 61.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Armenia | 1.38 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 51.6% | volatile |
| 112 | Cameroon | 1.33 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 107.3% | volatile |
| 113 | Bolivia | 1.32 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 4.6% | volatile |
| 114 | Madagascar | 1.32 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 98.3% | volatile |
| 115 | Mozambique | 1.22 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 30.3% | rising |
| 116 | Estonia | 1.19 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 129.1% | volatile |
| 117 | Tanzania | 1.18 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 119.9% | volatile |
| 118 | South Sudan | 1.17 billion BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 30.2% | falling |
| 119 | Malawi | 1.13 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 173.2% | volatile |
| 120 | Mali | 1.11 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 46.3% | volatile |
| 121 | Liberia | 1.09 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 19.7% | volatile |
| 122 | Iraq | 1.03 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 10.5% | volatile |
| 123 | Cyprus | 1.03 billion BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 207.1% | volatile |
| 124 | Burkina Faso | 1.01 billion BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 48.7% | rising |
| 125 | Macao | 989.30 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 1,231.0% | volatile |
| 126 | Panama | 891.35 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 3.3% | volatile |
| 127 | Rwanda | 848.66 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 28.2% | rising |
| 128 | Niger | 821.57 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 79.4% | volatile |
| 129 | Eswatini | 809.63 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 20.9% | volatile |
| 130 | French Polynesia | 756.42 million BoP, current US$ | 2016 | down 3.7% | rising |
| 131 | Laos | 741.73 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 115.9% | volatile |
| 132 | Togo | 710.17 million BoP, current US$ | 2020 | up 70.3% | volatile |
| 133 | Zambia | 685.37 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 155.0% | volatile |
| 134 | Guinea | 660.88 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 68.3% | volatile |
| 135 | New Caledonia | 642.35 million BoP, current US$ | 2016 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 136 | Montenegro | 642.19 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 117.5% | rising |
| 137 | Lesotho | 640.56 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 138 | Fiji | 620.03 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 95.9% | volatile |
| 139 | Gambia | 608.35 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 304.9% | volatile |
| 140 | Uruguay | 580.58 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 96.1% | volatile |
| 141 | Cape Verde | 560.39 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 99.9% | volatile |
| 142 | Mongolia | 542.29 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 69.2% | volatile |
| 143 | Burundi | 539.23 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 59.1% | volatile |
| 144 | Iran | 539.00 million BoP, current US$ | 2000 | down 78.4% | volatile |
| 145 | Trinidad and Tobago | 520.61 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 93.7% | volatile |
| 146 | Iceland | 483.49 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 213.9% | volatile |
| 147 | Bermuda | 435.44 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 182.7% | volatile |
| 148 | Benin | 410.58 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 14.8% | volatile |
| 149 | Mauritania | 403.59 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 528.7% | volatile |
| 150 | Sierra Leone | 390.50 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 9.8% | volatile |
| 151 | Papua New Guinea | 368.86 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 7,470.2% | volatile |
| 152 | Bahamas | 368.57 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 73.2% | volatile |
| 153 | Comoros | 358.30 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 49.2% | volatile |
| 154 | Samoa | 325.40 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 104.0% | volatile |
| 155 | Eritrea | 306.06 million BoP, current US$ | 2000 | down 32.1% | falling |
| 156 | Mauritius | 300.14 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 14.7% | volatile |
| 157 | Tonga | 266.54 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 77.0% | volatile |
| 158 | Suriname | 241.31 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 73.1% | rising |
| 159 | Faroe Islands | 231.36 million BoP, current US$ | 2011 | up 57.5% | rising |
| 160 | East Timor | 230.69 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 27.6% | falling |
| 161 | Curacao | 226.96 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 10.2% | flat |
| 162 | Guinea-Bissau | 213.24 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 93.1% | volatile |
| 163 | Chad | 209.41 million BoP, current US$ | 1994 | up 122.9% | volatile |
| 164 | Belize | 199.08 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 81.2% | volatile |
| 165 | Solomon Islands | 193.54 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 50.8% | volatile |
| 166 | Bhutan | 163.55 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 36.1% | rising |
| 167 | Vanuatu | 143.70 million BoP, current US$ | 2022 | up 618.6% | volatile |
| 168 | Marshall Islands | 137.85 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 92.2% | rising |
| 169 | Aruba | 130.61 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 35.2% | volatile |
| 170 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 130.09 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 53.8% | volatile |
| 171 | Micronesia (country) | 117.00 million BoP, current US$ | 2014 | down 4.2% | falling |
| 172 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 104.94 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 142.6% | volatile |
| 173 | Kiribati | 100.70 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 193.7% | volatile |
| 174 | Central African Republic | 92.58 million BoP, current US$ | 1994 | up 22.3% | rising |
| 175 | Andorra | 91.98 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 102.3% | rising |
| 176 | Gabon | 91.07 million BoP, current US$ | 2015 | up 415.3% | volatile |
| 177 | Saint Lucia | 77.76 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 63.4% | volatile |
| 178 | Libya | 75.20 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | down 75.2% | volatile |
| 179 | San Marino | 72.08 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 84.1% | rising |
| 180 | Oman | 67.62 million BoP, current US$ | 1995 | up 55.7% | volatile |
| 181 | Maldives | 64.52 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 120.7% | volatile |
| 182 | Brunei | 58.77 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 17.5% | rising |
| 183 | Grenada | 55.31 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 26.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Barbados | 52.50 million BoP, current US$ | 2017 | down 72.6% | volatile |
| 185 | Seychelles | 52.05 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 62.1% | volatile |
| 186 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 51.27 million BoP, current US$ | 2018 | — | rising |
| 187 | Dominica | 47.67 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 35.5% | volatile |
| 188 | Palau | 45.41 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 11.7% | rising |
| 189 | Antigua and Barbuda | 41.24 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 1.7% | volatile |
| 190 | Nauru | 39.21 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | up 22.0% | rising |
| 191 | Sao Tome and Principe | 38.90 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 44.5% | volatile |
| 192 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 32.54 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 41.3% | volatile |
| 193 | Tuvalu | 32.38 million BoP, current US$ | 2023 | up 227.5% | rising |
| 194 | Djibouti | 31.68 million BoP, current US$ | 2024 | down 74.7% | rising |
| 195 | Angola | 23.42 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | down 17.0% | volatile |
| 196 | Congo | 17.12 million BoP, current US$ | 2021 | down 88.8% | volatile |
| 197 | Bahrain | 14.69 million BoP, current US$ | 2002 | down 77.4% | volatile |
| 198 | Kuwait | 12.23 million BoP, current US$ | 2025 | up 281.3% | volatile |
| 199 | Equatorial Guinea | 4.03 million BoP, current US$ | 1996 | down 85.9% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- World 1.66 trillion BoP, current US$
- OECD members 951.21 billion BoP, current US$
- Post-demographic dividend 897.97 billion BoP, current US$
- High income 883.81 billion BoP, current US$
- IDA & IBRD total 819.12 billion BoP, current US$
- Middle income 787.73 billion BoP, current US$
- Low & middle income 771.87 billion BoP, current US$
- Europe & Central Asia 661.72 billion BoP, current US$
- IBRD only 659.16 billion BoP, current US$
- Early-demographic dividend 526.47 billion BoP, current US$
- European Union 435.36 billion BoP, current US$
- Upper middle income 403.75 billion BoP, current US$
- Euro area 384.22 billion BoP, current US$
- Lower middle income 361.22 billion BoP, current US$
- Late-demographic dividend 248.10 billion BoP, current US$
- East Asia & Pacific 243.43 billion BoP, current US$
- North America 240.67 billion BoP, current US$
- IDA total 209.63 billion BoP, current US$
- Latin America & Caribbean 205.87 billion BoP, current US$
- South Asia 203.67 billion BoP, current US$
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 203.67 billion BoP, current US$
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 194.86 billion BoP, current US$
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 186.37 billion BoP, current US$
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 136.87 billion BoP, current US$
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 136.83 billion BoP, current US$
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 134.18 billion BoP, current US$
- IDA only 117.24 billion BoP, current US$
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 104.68 billion BoP, current US$
- IDA blend 91.95 billion BoP, current US$
- Sub-Saharan Africa 88.10 billion BoP, current US$
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 88.10 billion BoP, current US$
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 88.06 billion BoP, current US$
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 87.45 billion BoP, current US$
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 85.50 billion BoP, current US$
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 83.04 billion BoP, current US$
- Least developed countries 79.29 billion BoP, current US$
- Arab World 65.82 billion BoP, current US$
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 61.88 billion BoP, current US$
- Pre-demographic dividend 58.53 billion BoP, current US$
- Central Europe and the Baltics 55.25 billion BoP, current US$
About this data
Secondary income refers to transfers recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or financial items without a quid pro quo. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.