Manufacturing, value added (current LCU), per unit of GDP by country
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
203
Highest
93,249 current LCU per US$ of GDP
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Lowest
0 current LCU per US$ of GDP
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Median
0.9706 current LCU per US$ of GDP
Years covered
66
1960–2025
Data points
8,243
What the numbers show
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU), per unit of GDP is currently reported for 203 countries. The highest value is 93,249 current LCU per US$ of GDP in Iran, Islamic Republic of; the lowest is 0 current LCU per US$ of GDP in Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.9706 current LCU per US$ of GDP, and the mean is 577.6 current LCU per US$ of GDP.
Over the past decade 121 countries rose and 81 fell. The largest increase was in Zimbabwe (up 9,968,190.0%), and the largest decrease in Sao Tome and Principe (down 78.9%).
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU), per unit of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 93,249 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 2,157.1% | volatile |
| 2 | Viet Nam | 6,123 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 34.6% | rising |
| 3 | Indonesia | 3,142 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 11.8% | volatile |
| 4 | Uzbekistan | 2,613 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 664.5% | volatile |
| 5 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1,863 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 179.9% | volatile |
| 6 | Paraguay | 1,466 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 45.0% | volatile |
| 7 | Cambodia | 1,165 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 27.5% | rising |
| 8 | Guinea | 1,090 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | up 48.2% | volatile |
| 9 | Burundi | 698.9 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 306.9% | volatile |
| 10 | Madagascar | 593.75 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 172.0% | rising |
| 11 | Uganda | 532.09 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 6.9% | volatile |
| 12 | Myanmar | 527.1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 107.8% | rising |
| 13 | Colombia | 401.07 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 18.0% | volatile |
| 14 | Republic of Korea | 390.12 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 24.0% | volatile |
| 15 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 211.33 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 35.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Mongolia | 208.29 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 50.7% | volatile |
| 17 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 200.14 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 37.4% | volatile |
| 18 | Malawi | 190.71 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 131.2% | rising |
| 19 | Argentina | 168.55 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 11,771.3% | volatile |
| 20 | Lebanon | 167.72 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 46.8% | falling |
| 21 | Equatorial Guinea | 129.8 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.0% | rising |
| 22 | Nigeria | 125.38 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 588.8% | volatile |
| 23 | Rwanda | 118.8 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 138.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Gabon | 110.94 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 12.5% | volatile |
| 25 | Central African Republic | 108.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 26 | Chile | 85.18 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 25.2% | volatile |
| 27 | Cameroon | 84.77 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.1% | rising |
| 28 | Senegal | 76.83 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 23.8% | falling |
| 29 | Somalia | 74.65 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 1990 | up 5,711.2% | volatile |
| 30 | Congo | 73.98 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 181.5% | rising |
| 31 | Angola | 71.86 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 789.6% | volatile |
| 32 | Côte d'Ivoire | 71.5 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 33 | Togo | 69.24 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 13.3% | flat |
| 34 | Costa Rica | 68.36 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 11.9% | volatile |
| 35 | Kazakhstan | 66.2 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 190.6% | volatile |
| 36 | Benin | 59.08 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.4% | rising |
| 37 | Hungary | 53.48 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.3% | rising |
| 38 | Iraq | 51.96 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 104.6% | volatile |
| 39 | Sri Lanka | 51.51 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 134.2% | volatile |
| 40 | Guinea-Bissau | 50.04 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.5% | volatile |
| 41 | Mali | 43.41 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 17.7% | rising |
| 42 | Armenia | 42.54 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 3.3% | rising |
| 43 | Niger | 42.37 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 1.1% | volatile |
| 44 | Burkina Faso | 38.51 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 44.1% | rising |
| 45 | Chad | 38.26 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 33.5% | rising |
| 46 | Pakistan | 36.38 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 191.6% | volatile |
| 47 | Comoros | 31.29 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 48 | Japan | 28.48 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 38.5% | falling |
| 49 | Bangladesh | 27.12 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 108.0% | volatile |
| 50 | Haiti | 26.4 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 220.5% | volatile |
| 51 | Serbia | 13.73 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 14.8% | rising |
| 52 | Algeria | 12.67 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 59.2% | volatile |
| 53 | Jamaica | 12.24 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 48.3% | rising |
| 54 | Kyrgyzstan | 11.97 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 32.1% | volatile |
| 55 | India | 11.76 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 15.3% | volatile |
| 56 | Russian Federation | 11.42 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 51.4% | rising |
| 57 | Iceland | 10.96 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 22.4% | rising |
| 58 | Djibouti | 9.39 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 90.4% | rising |
| 59 | Kenya | 9.21 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 6.0% | volatile |
| 60 | Philippines | 8.82 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 61 | North Macedonia | 7.83 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 19.9% | rising |
| 62 | Thailand | 7.81 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 16.7% | rising |
| 63 | Dominican Republic | 7.6 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 28.7% | volatile |
| 64 | Egypt | 7.2 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 481.1% | volatile |
| 65 | Nepal | 6.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 27.4% | volatile |
| 66 | Suriname | 6.58 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 1,119.2% | volatile |
| 67 | Afghanistan | 5.97 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 68 | New Caledonia | 5.92 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2017 | up 36.6% | rising |
| 69 | Bhutan | 5.54 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 22.5% | volatile |
| 70 | Türkiye | 5.53 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 1,393.4% | volatile |
| 71 | Albania | 5.24 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 33.7% | rising |
| 72 | Mauritius | 5.17 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 73 | Cape Verde | 5.08 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 3.4% | falling |
| 74 | Ethiopia | 5.02 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 445.3% | volatile |
| 75 | Eswatini | 5.02 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 24.2% | volatile |
| 76 | French Polynesia | 4.95 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 20.4% | rising |
| 77 | Vanuatu | 4.82 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 9.2% | rising |
| 78 | Zimbabwe | 4.74 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 9,968,190.0% | volatile |
| 79 | Nicaragua | 4.61 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 80 | Czechia | 4.25 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 27.2% | falling |
| 81 | Uruguay | 4.1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 13.3% | volatile |
| 82 | Mozambique | 3.97 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 19.4% | rising |
| 83 | Guyana | 3.96 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 67.7% | volatile |
| 84 | Honduras | 3.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.9% | volatile |
| 85 | Mexico | 3.84 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 22.3% | volatile |
| 86 | Ukraine | 3.47 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 33.4% | volatile |
| 87 | Lesotho | 2.21 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 66.4% | volatile |
| 88 | Zambia | 2.2 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 238.7% | volatile |
| 89 | South Africa | 2.19 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 37.3% | volatile |
| 90 | Mauritania | 1.84 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 23.6% | rising |
| 91 | Namibia | 1.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 21.8% | volatile |
| 92 | China | 1.78 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.6% | falling |
| 93 | Sierra Leone | 1.57 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 563.1% | volatile |
| 94 | Tajikistan | 1.43 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 280.1% | volatile |
| 95 | Morocco | 1.4 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 96 | Republic of Moldova | 1.29 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 31.7% | rising |
| 97 | Ghana | 1.27 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 208.0% | volatile |
| 98 | Denmark | 1.24 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 47.7% | falling |
| 99 | Sweden | 1.22 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.4% | falling |
| 100 | Guatemala | 1.01 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 7.6% | volatile |
| 101 | Gambia | 0.9849 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 63.8% | volatile |
| 102 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.9706 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 4.7% | flat |
| 103 | Malaysia | 0.9467 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 104 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 0.9029 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 34.2% | volatile |
| 105 | Solomon Islands | 0.8532 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 17.2% | rising |
| 106 | Eritrea | 0.8445 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2009 | up 12.9% | rising |
| 107 | Seychelles | 0.7964 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 2.1% | rising |
| 108 | Botswana | 0.7684 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 4.8% | volatile |
| 109 | Brazil | 0.6578 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 87.9% | volatile |
| 110 | Faroe Islands | 0.6524 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 27.9% | falling |
| 111 | Norway | 0.6357 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 14.8% | falling |
| 112 | Belarus | 0.6294 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 91.4% | volatile |
| 113 | Saudi Arabia | 0.5931 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 20.8% | rising |
| 114 | Poland | 0.5658 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 15.1% | rising |
| 115 | Romania | 0.5286 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 34.7% | volatile |
| 116 | Tunisia | 0.4597 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 86.2% | volatile |
| 117 | Peru | 0.4595 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 15.9% | volatile |
| 118 | Turkmenistan | 0.4417 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2004 | up 23,465.3% | volatile |
| 119 | Puerto Rico | 0.4397 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 8.2% | rising |
| 120 | Israel | 0.4159 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 7.1% | falling |
| 121 | United Arab Emirates | 0.3442 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 19.0% | rising |
| 122 | Liechtenstein | 0.307 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 15.5% | falling |
| 123 | Ireland | 0.3002 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.5% | rising |
| 124 | San Marino | 0.2938 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 14.4% | rising |
| 125 | Qatar | 0.2868 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 11.6% | flat |
| 126 | Maldives | 0.2755 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 127 | Singapore | 0.2279 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 8.4% | falling |
| 128 | Georgia | 0.219 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 129 | Fiji | 0.21 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 130 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.2086 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 6.4% | rising |
| 131 | Greenland | 0.1876 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 34.1% | falling |
| 132 | Slovenia | 0.1646 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 8.6% | rising |
| 133 | Switzerland | 0.1573 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 8.4% | falling |
| 134 | Germany | 0.1559 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 14.1% | falling |
| 135 | Slovakia | 0.1433 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 15.5% | falling |
| 136 | Samoa | 0.1371 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 12.2% | volatile |
| 137 | Austria | 0.1348 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 138 | New Zealand | 0.1346 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 7.9% | falling |
| 139 | Sudan | 0.1335 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2009 | down 36.6% | volatile |
| 140 | Italy | 0.1328 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 3.3% | falling |
| 141 | Ecuador | 0.1324 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 142 | Belize | 0.1319 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 6.6% | falling |
| 143 | Tonga | 0.1315 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 16.4% | rising |
| 144 | Brunei Darussalam | 0.1299 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 484.0% | volatile |
| 145 | Dominica | 0.129 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 7.5% | falling |
| 146 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.1289 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 78.9% | volatile |
| 147 | South Sudan | 0.1274 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2015 | up 231.3% | rising |
| 148 | El Salvador | 0.1267 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 22.7% | falling |
| 149 | Finland | 0.126 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 150 | Jordan | 0.1233 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 2.8% | rising |
| 151 | Canada | 0.1214 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | up 17.3% | falling |
| 152 | Lithuania | 0.1162 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 25.2% | falling |
| 153 | Palestine, State of | 0.1132 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 5.3% | falling |
| 154 | Cuba | 0.112 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 33.7% | rising |
| 155 | Kosovo | 0.1109 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 7.2% | rising |
| 156 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.1069 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 39.6% | falling |
| 157 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.1062 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 18.0% | falling |
| 158 | United States of America | 0.1052 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.9% | falling |
| 159 | Azerbaijan | 0.1017 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 98.8% | volatile |
| 160 | Portugal | 0.1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 9.5% | falling |
| 161 | Barbados | 0.099 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 5.0% | falling |
| 162 | Belgium | 0.0989 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 12.7% | falling |
| 163 | Saint Lucia | 0.0966 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.1% | falling |
| 164 | Estonia | 0.0954 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 22.5% | falling |
| 165 | Spain | 0.0938 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.5% | falling |
| 166 | Croatia | 0.0898 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 21.8% | falling |
| 167 | Netherlands | 0.0892 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.5% | volatile |
| 168 | Grenada | 0.089 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 3.6% | flat |
| 169 | Latvia | 0.0884 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 9.6% | falling |
| 170 | France | 0.084 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 171 | Australia | 0.0822 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.9% | falling |
| 172 | Greece | 0.0803 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 7.4% | falling |
| 173 | Bahrain | 0.0748 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 174 | Hong Kong, China | 0.0729 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 23.8% | volatile |
| 175 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.0658 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 13.0% | falling |
| 176 | Kiribati | 0.0643 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 12.4% | falling |
| 177 | Papua New Guinea | 0.0635 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 21.2% | volatile |
| 178 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 0.0583 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.1% | falling |
| 179 | Curaçao | 0.0523 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 64.0% | falling |
| 180 | Macau, China | 0.052 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 56.7% | volatile |
| 181 | Panama | 0.048 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 23.4% | falling |
| 182 | Malta | 0.0473 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 26.8% | falling |
| 183 | Aruba | 0.0422 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 27.8% | falling |
| 184 | Libya | 0.0391 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2017 | down 32.6% | falling |
| 185 | Cyprus | 0.0389 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 186 | Oman | 0.0361 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.2% | volatile |
| 187 | Luxembourg | 0.0329 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 33.3% | falling |
| 188 | Marshall Islands | 0.0317 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 48.3% | rising |
| 189 | Montenegro | 0.0308 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 14.9% | volatile |
| 190 | Andorra | 0.0289 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 4.3% | flat |
| 191 | Kuwait | 0.0237 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 13.0% | falling |
| 192 | Liberia | 0.0228 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2011 | down 4.2% | rising |
| 193 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 0.021 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 23.4% | falling |
| 194 | Timor-Leste | 0.019 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 144.7% | falling |
| 195 | Isle of Man | 0.0163 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | down 20.5% | falling |
| 196 | Palau | 0.0121 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 21.7% | volatile |
| 197 | Tuvalu | 0.0098 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2011 | down 28.6% | volatile |
| 198 | Cayman Islands | 0.0072 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 199 | Bahamas | 0.0063 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 76.2% | falling |
| 200 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 0.0048 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 29.4% | volatile |
| 201 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.0045 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 29.4% | volatile |
| 202 | Bermuda | 0.0031 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 35.4% | volatile |
| 203 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 0 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2011 | — | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Chagai 0.0065 current LCU per US$ of GDP
How this figure is calculated
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU) ÷ GDP (current US$)
Computed from
- Manufacturing, value added Country official statistics, National Statistical Offices (NSOs)
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Manufacturing, value added (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.