How does Lower middle income rank for gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre?

Lower middle income ranks 23rd out of 40 groups with data for 2023.

Is gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre rising or falling in Lower middle income?

Over the last ten years it is up 56.9%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income

Name: Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income
Creator: Statizoid (derived)
License: Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page

Lower middle income: Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre was 95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre in 2023. ◆ Volatile

Latest (2023)

95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre

Change on year

up 4.6%

Rank

23rd

of 40 groups

All-time high

95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre

in 2023

All-time low

3,238 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre

in 1961

Years of data

1961–2023

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income, 1961–2023

Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre.

Analysis

Lower middle income recorded 95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre for gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre in 2023. That is the highest value across all 63 years on record.

Compared with earlier readings it is up 4.6% on the previous year and up 56.9% over ten years.

Over the whole period, gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income peaked at 95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre in 2023 and was at its lowest, 3,238 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre, in 1961.

That places Lower middle income 23rd out of 40 groups with data for 2023, putting it in the middle of the range.

The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income, year by year

Annual values for Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income, 1961 to 2023.
Year	constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	Change
1961	3,238 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	—
1962	3,596 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.1%
1963	3,798 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+5.6%
1964	4,352 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+14.6%
1965	4,757 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+9.3%
1966	4,659 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-2.1%
1967	4,711 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+1.1%
1968	5,035 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+6.9%
1969	5,215 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+3.6%
1970	5,799 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.2%
1971	5,755 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-0.8%
1972	5,653 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-1.8%
1973	6,318 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.8%
1974	6,470 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+2.4%
1975	6,738 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+4.1%
1976	7,542 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.9%
1977	9,060 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+20.1%
1978	9,742 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+7.5%
1979	8,787 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-9.8%
1980	9,155 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+4.2%
1981	9,471 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+3.4%
1982	10,106 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+6.7%
1983	9,458 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-6.4%
1984	10,318 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+9.1%
1985	11,093 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+7.5%
1986	11,255 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+1.5%
1987	12,147 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+7.9%
1988	12,882 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+6.1%
1989	12,575 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-2.4%
1990	13,993 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.3%
1991	13,369 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-4.5%
1992	14,318 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+7.1%
1993	14,193 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-0.9%
1994	15,373 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+8.3%
1995	16,606 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+8.0%
1996	17,162 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+3.3%
1997	19,212 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.9%
1998	19,704 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+2.6%
1999	21,574 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+9.5%
2000	21,200 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-1.7%
2001	22,262 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+5.0%
2002	22,818 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+2.5%
2003	25,094 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+10.0%
2004	30,528 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+21.7%
2005	35,106 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+15.0%
2006	39,213 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+11.7%
2007	47,226 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+20.4%
2008	47,036 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-0.4%
2009	49,535 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+5.3%
2010	56,508 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+14.1%
2011	57,920 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+2.5%
2012	62,869 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+8.5%
2013	60,935 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-3.1%
2014	63,834 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+4.8%
2015	67,319 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+5.5%
2016	72,155 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+7.2%
2017	79,494 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+10.2%
2018	84,462 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+6.3%
2019	81,304 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-3.7%
2020	73,420 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	-9.7%
2021	87,316 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+18.9%
2022	91,374 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+4.6%
2023	95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	+4.6%

Averages by decade

Decade	Average	Lowest	Highest	Years
1960s	4,373 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	3,238 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	5,215 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	9
1970s	7,186 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	5,653 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	9,742 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	10
1980s	10,846 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	9,155 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	12,882 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	10
1990s	16,550 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	13,369 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	21,574 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	10
2000s	34,002 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	21,200 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	49,535 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	10
2010s	68,680 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	56,508 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	84,462 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	10
2020s	86,928 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	73,420 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre	4

Countries ranked near Lower middle income

20 Ireland 1.78 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
21 Kuwait 1.60 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
22 Italy 1.54 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
23 Mauritius 1.33 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
24 Austria 1.26 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
25 France 1.11 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare
26 Puerto Rico 1.07 million constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre compare

See the full ranking of 200 places →

More economy & growth data for Lower middle income

Manufacturing, value added 1.40 trillion constant 2015 US$ (2025)
Imports of goods and services 26.3% (2025)
External balance on goods and services -3.1% (2025)
Trade 46.6% (2025)
Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current US$), per unit of GDP 0.9633 current US$ per US$ of GDP (2025)
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added 1.15 trillion constant 2015 US$ (2025)
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added 2.7% (2025)
Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current US$), per capita 2,390 current US$ per person (2025)
Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (constant 2015 US$), per unit 0.9374 constant 2015 US$ per US$ of GDP (2025)
Industry (including construction), value added 31.3% (2025)

All data for Lower middle income →

Frequently asked questions

What is gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income?: Gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income was 95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre in 2023, according to Statizoid (derived).
What is the highest gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre recorded in Lower middle income?: The highest recorded value was 95,604 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre in 2023.
What is the lowest gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre recorded in Lower middle income?: The lowest recorded value was 3,238 constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre in 1961.
How does Lower middle income rank for gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre?: Lower middle income ranks 23rd out of 40 groups with data for 2023.
Is gross capital formation (constant 2015 us$), per square kilometre rising or falling in Lower middle income?: Over the last ten years it is up 56.9%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
Where does this Lower middle income data come from?: The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.

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Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income. Statizoid, drawing on Statizoid (derived). Retrieved 05 September 2026, from https://economy.statizoid.com/stat/gross-capital-formation-constant-2015-us-per-square-kilometre/lower-middle-income/

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<a href="https://economy.statizoid.com/stat/gross-capital-formation-constant-2015-us-per-square-kilometre/lower-middle-income/">Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre in Lower middle income</a> — Statizoid

How this figure is calculated

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$) ÷ Land area (sq. km)

Computed from

Gross capital formation Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.

About this data

Indicator: Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), per square kilometre
Unit: constant 2015 US$ per square kilometre
Source: Statizoid (derived)
Licence: Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page
Coverage: 200 places, 7,878 data points, 1961–2023
Last refreshed: 05 September 2026

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.