GDP (current LCU), per unit of GDP by country
GDP (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
GDP (current LCU), per unit of GDP is currently reported for 212 countries. The highest value is 742,604 current LCU per US$ of GDP in Iran; the lowest is 0.3065 current LCU per US$ of GDP in Kuwait.
The median across all reporting countries is 9.92 current LCU per US$ of GDP, and the mean is 4,800 current LCU per US$ of GDP.
Over the past decade 125 countries rose and 69 fell. The largest increase was in Venezuela (up 19,550,600,000,000.0%), and the largest decrease in Albania (down 31.1%).
GDP (current LCU), per unit of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iran | 742,604 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 2,410.5% | volatile |
| 2 | Lebanon | 89,500 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 5,837.0% | volatile |
| 3 | Somalia | 30,103 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 35.3% | volatile |
| 4 | Vietnam | 24,962 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 5 | Laos | 20,444 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 151.5% | volatile |
| 6 | Indonesia | 16,478 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.1% | volatile |
| 7 | Uzbekistan | 12,579 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 389.9% | volatile |
| 8 | Guinea | 8,638 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 15.4% | volatile |
| 9 | Paraguay | 7,545 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 45.0% | volatile |
| 10 | Burundi | 5,336 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 239.4% | volatile |
| 11 | Madagascar | 4,530 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 54.4% | volatile |
| 12 | Colombia | 4,053 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 47.8% | volatile |
| 13 | Cambodia | 4,013 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.3% | volatile |
| 14 | Syria | 3,750 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | up 5,254.8% | volatile |
| 15 | Uganda | 3,676 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 30.0% | volatile |
| 16 | Mongolia | 3,545 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 79.9% | volatile |
| 17 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 2,677 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 189.1% | volatile |
| 18 | Tanzania | 2,541 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 27.7% | volatile |
| 19 | Sudan | 2,213 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 22,254.2% | volatile |
| 20 | Myanmar | 2,100 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 72.3% | volatile |
| 21 | Malawi | 1,751 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 250.4% | volatile |
| 22 | Nigeria | 1,518 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 686.5% | volatile |
| 23 | Rwanda | 1,428 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 98.4% | volatile |
| 24 | South Korea | 1,422 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 25.8% | rising |
| 25 | Iraq | 1,300 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 11.4% | volatile |
| 26 | Argentina | 1,241 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 12,293.9% | volatile |
| 27 | Angola | 1,058 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 586.3% | volatile |
| 28 | Chile | 951.33 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 45.4% | volatile |
| 29 | Chad | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 30 | Gabon | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 31 | Togo | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 32 | Senegal | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 33 | Congo | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 34 | Mali | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 35 | Central African Republic | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 36 | Benin | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 37 | Equatorial Guinea | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | volatile |
| 38 | Cameroon | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 39 | Cote d'Ivoire | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 40 | Burkina Faso | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 41 | Guinea-Bissau | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | volatile |
| 42 | Niger | 581.93 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 43 | Yemen | 535.9 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2018 | up 168.3% | volatile |
| 44 | Kazakhstan | 521.03 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 135.0% | volatile |
| 45 | Costa Rica | 503.5 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 5.8% | volatile |
| 46 | Comoros | 436.37 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 47 | Armenia | 387.01 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 19.0% | rising |
| 48 | Hungary | 353.14 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 26.4% | volatile |
| 49 | Sri Lanka | 300.95 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 121.4% | volatile |
| 50 | Pakistan | 279.41 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 175.5% | volatile |
| 51 | Guyana | 208.5 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 1.0% | volatile |
| 52 | Djibouti | 177.72 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 53 | Venezuela | 165.46 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 19,550,600,000,000.0% | volatile |
| 54 | Jamaica | 159.1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 36.0% | volatile |
| 55 | Japan | 149.66 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.6% | volatile |
| 56 | Nepal | 136.29 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 37.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Algeria | 131.61 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 30.7% | volatile |
| 58 | Haiti | 130.69 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 169.1% | volatile |
| 59 | Kenya | 129.3 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 31.7% | volatile |
| 60 | Iceland | 128.44 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.6% | volatile |
| 61 | Bangladesh | 120.86 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 55.6% | volatile |
| 62 | Vanuatu | 120.33 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.4% | rising |
| 63 | Ethiopia | 119.46 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 471.6% | volatile |
| 64 | New Caledonia | 110.31 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 22.8% | rising |
| 65 | French Polynesia | 110.31 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 22.8% | rising |
| 66 | Serbia | 103.98 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.4% | rising |
| 67 | Cape Verde | 97.86 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.5% | rising |
| 68 | Kyrgyzstan | 87.36 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 35.5% | volatile |
| 69 | India | 87.33 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 33.4% | volatile |
| 70 | Bhutan | 87.16 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 35.9% | volatile |
| 71 | Albania | 86.8 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 31.1% | volatile |
| 72 | Russia | 83.65 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 37.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Gambia | 71.74 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 68.8% | volatile |
| 74 | Afghanistan | 70.98 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 23.7% | rising |
| 75 | Mozambique | 64.09 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 60.3% | volatile |
| 76 | Dominican Republic | 61.99 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 37.6% | volatile |
| 77 | Philippines | 57.51 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 26.4% | volatile |
| 78 | North Macedonia | 54.65 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 79 | Egypt | 49.65 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 569.2% | volatile |
| 80 | Mauritius | 46 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 31.2% | volatile |
| 81 | Ukraine | 41.69 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 90.8% | volatile |
| 82 | Uruguay | 41.19 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 50.7% | volatile |
| 83 | Mauritania | 39.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 22.9% | volatile |
| 84 | Turkey | 39.45 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 1,350.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Suriname | 37.26 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 990.5% | volatile |
| 86 | Nicaragua | 36.62 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 34.4% | volatile |
| 87 | Thailand | 32.88 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.0% | rising |
| 88 | Zimbabwe | 31.8 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 7,949,070.0% | volatile |
| 89 | Honduras | 25.95 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 18.3% | volatile |
| 90 | Zambia | 25.13 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 191.2% | volatile |
| 91 | Sierra Leone | 22.66 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 346.4% | volatile |
| 92 | Czechia | 21.88 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 93 | Sao Tome and Principe | 21.69 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 2.5% | volatile |
| 94 | Mexico | 19.24 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 21.4% | volatile |
| 95 | Eswatini | 17.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.3% | volatile |
| 96 | Lesotho | 17.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.2% | volatile |
| 96 | Namibia | 17.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 38.9% | volatile |
| 98 | South Africa | 17.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 40.3% | volatile |
| 99 | Moldova | 17.37 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 7.7% | volatile |
| 100 | Maldives | 15.42 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 101 | Eritrea | 15.38 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2011 | up 35.9% | rising |
| 102 | Seychelles | 14.73 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 10.6% | rising |
| 103 | Botswana | 13.5 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 33.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Ghana | 12.56 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 238.2% | volatile |
| 105 | Norway | 10.4 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 28.9% | rising |
| 106 | Tajikistan | 10.02 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 62.5% | volatile |
| 107 | Sweden | 9.82 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 16.4% | rising |
| 108 | Morocco | 9.35 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.2% | rising |
| 109 | Solomon Islands | 8.33 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.2% | volatile |
| 110 | Macao | 8.03 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.6% | flat |
| 111 | Hong Kong | 7.8 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.6% | rising |
| 112 | Guatemala | 7.68 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.3% | volatile |
| 113 | China | 7.19 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 15.5% | rising |
| 114 | Bolivia | 6.91 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | volatile |
| 115 | Faroe Islands | 6.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 22.8% | falling |
| 116 | Greenland | 6.89 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 22.7% | falling |
| 117 | Trinidad and Tobago | 6.75 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 118 | Denmark | 6.62 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 119 | Brazil | 5.59 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 67.9% | volatile |
| 120 | Turkmenistan | 5.44 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 55.3% | volatile |
| 121 | Libya | 5.31 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 284.1% | volatile |
| 122 | Romania | 4.47 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 11.6% | volatile |
| 123 | Malaysia | 4.28 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 124 | Papua New Guinea | 4.12 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 48.9% | volatile |
| 125 | Poland | 3.76 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 126 | Saudi Arabia | 3.75 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | falling |
| 127 | United Arab Emirates | 3.67 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 0.0% | falling |
| 128 | Qatar | 3.64 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.0% | falling |
| 129 | South Sudan | 3.6 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2015 | up 72.3% | rising |
| 130 | Peru | 3.57 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 12.0% | volatile |
| 131 | Israel | 3.45 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 11.2% | volatile |
| 132 | Belarus | 3.07 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 92.7% | volatile |
| 133 | Tunisia | 3 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 52.8% | volatile |
| 134 | Samoa | 2.78 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 135 | Georgia | 2.74 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 20.8% | volatile |
| 136 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 137 | Grenada | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 138 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 139 | Saint Lucia | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 140 | Dominica | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 141 | Antigua and Barbuda | 2.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 142 | Tonga | 2.4 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 23.3% | rising |
| 143 | Fiji | 2.3 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 144 | Belize | 2 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 144 | Barbados | 2 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 146 | Curacao | 1.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 0.0% | flat |
| 147 | Aruba | 1.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 0.0% | flat |
| 148 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 1.79 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.0% | flat |
| 149 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1.73 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.6% | rising |
| 150 | New Zealand | 1.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 18.8% | rising |
| 151 | Azerbaijan | 1.7 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 65.9% | volatile |
| 152 | Kiribati | 1.55 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 16.6% | rising |
| 153 | Tuvalu | 1.55 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 16.6% | rising |
| 154 | Australia | 1.55 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 28.6% | rising |
| 155 | Nauru | 1.55 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 28.6% | rising |
| 156 | Canada | 1.4 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 9.3% | rising |
| 157 | Brunei | 1.31 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 158 | Singapore | 1.31 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 159 | American Samoa | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Bahamas | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Bermuda | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Cuba | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 7.4% | rising |
| 159 | Ecuador | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Micronesia (country) | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Guam | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Liberia | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Marshall Islands | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Northern Mariana Islands | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Panama | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Palau | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Puerto Rico | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Palestine | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | El Salvador | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | East Timor | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | United States | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | unchanged | flat |
| 159 | United States Virgin Islands | 1 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 178 | San Marino | 0.9248 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 22.8% | falling |
| 179 | Monaco | 0.9239 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | up 22.7% | flat |
| 180 | Bulgaria | 0.8871 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.7% | volatile |
| 181 | Croatia | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 182 | Finland | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 183 | Malta | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 184 | Andorra | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 184 | Germany | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 184 | Spain | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 187 | France | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 188 | Slovenia | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 189 | Belgium | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 190 | Austria | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 190 | Estonia | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 190 | Ireland | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 193 | Netherlands | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 194 | Montenegro | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 195 | Latvia | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 196 | Greece | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | volatile |
| 196 | Italy | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 198 | Lithuania | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 199 | Cyprus | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | flat |
| 200 | Slovakia | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 201 | Luxembourg | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | falling |
| 201 | Portugal | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | volatile |
| 203 | Kosovo | 0.885 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 204 | Liechtenstein | 0.8804 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 205 | Cayman Islands | 0.8333 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2024 | down 0.0% | flat |
| 206 | Switzerland | 0.8314 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 13.6% | volatile |
| 207 | Isle of Man | 0.8045 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2023 | up 25.8% | rising |
| 208 | United Kingdom | 0.7595 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 16.0% | rising |
| 209 | Jordan | 0.71 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.0% | rising |
| 210 | Oman | 0.3845 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.0% | rising |
| 211 | Bahrain | 0.376 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | down 0.0% | falling |
| 212 | Kuwait | 0.3065 current LCU per US$ of GDP | 2025 | up 1.9% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Chagai 0.8045 current LCU per US$ of GDP
How this figure is calculated
GDP (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
GDP (current LCU) ÷ GDP (current US$)
Computed from
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
GDP (current LCU) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.