Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$), per unit of GDP by country
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$), per unit of GDP is currently reported for 207 countries. The highest value is 0.5461 current US$ per US$ of GDP in Venezuela; the lowest is 0.0129 current US$ per US$ of GDP in Bangladesh.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.1191 current US$ per US$ of GDP, and the mean is 0.1247 current US$ per US$ of GDP.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 42.
Over the past decade 124 countries rose and 83 fell. The largest increase was in Sao Tome and Principe (up 462.8%), and the largest decrease in Bangladesh (down 83.8%).
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$), per: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Venezuela | 0.5461 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2014 | up 290.3% | rising |
| 2 | China | 0.2561 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 26.3% | rising |
| 3 | Ireland | 0.2499 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 81.3% | rising |
| 4 | Japan | 0.2474 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 5 | Turkmenistan | 0.2296 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2019 | up 47.2% | rising |
| 6 | Switzerland | 0.2276 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.3% | rising |
| 7 | Liberia | 0.2241 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 20.4% | rising |
| 8 | Latvia | 0.2225 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.3% | falling |
| 9 | Mozambique | 0.222 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 68.9% | rising |
| 10 | Congo | 0.2219 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 10.5% | rising |
| 11 | San Marino | 0.2198 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 12 | Central African Republic | 0.2143 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 96.0% | flat |
| 13 | Lebanon | 0.2129 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 14 | Gabon | 0.2079 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 15 | Czechia | 0.2065 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.8% | falling |
| 16 | Malaysia | 0.2062 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 26.3% | rising |
| 17 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.1989 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 50.1% | volatile |
| 18 | Indonesia | 0.1976 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.8% | volatile |
| 19 | Austria | 0.1967 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 12.9% | rising |
| 20 | Belize | 0.1953 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 19.4% | rising |
| 21 | South Korea | 0.1946 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 22 | Portugal | 0.1945 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 23 | Mexico | 0.1937 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 28.8% | rising |
| 24 | Belgium | 0.1934 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.5% | rising |
| 25 | France | 0.1927 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.2% | rising |
| 26 | Finland | 0.1921 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.4% | rising |
| 27 | Germany | 0.1914 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.0% | rising |
| 28 | Hong Kong | 0.1913 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 23.5% | volatile |
| 29 | Ecuador | 0.1896 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 55.6% | rising |
| 30 | Thailand | 0.1877 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 22.1% | rising |
| 31 | Croatia | 0.1853 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.8% | flat |
| 32 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.1838 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 462.8% | volatile |
| 33 | Slovenia | 0.1829 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.3% | rising |
| 34 | Botswana | 0.1821 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 35 | Zambia | 0.181 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 36 | Laos | 0.1797 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 29.6% | rising |
| 37 | Iran | 0.1793 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 70.4% | rising |
| 38 | Italy | 0.1783 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 39 | Qatar | 0.178 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 40 | Brazil | 0.1776 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.2% | rising |
| 41 | Sweden | 0.1745 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 42 | Hungary | 0.1739 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 43 | Chile | 0.1719 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 33.8% | rising |
| 44 | Estonia | 0.1714 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 45 | Australia | 0.1703 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 46 | Albania | 0.1699 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 24.2% | rising |
| 47 | Curacao | 0.1695 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 48 | Slovakia | 0.1689 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.1% | falling |
| 49 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.1688 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.7% | volatile |
| 50 | Spain | 0.1665 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 51 | Norway | 0.1651 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.5% | flat |
| 52 | Singapore | 0.1648 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 21.9% | rising |
| 53 | Denmark | 0.1644 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 54 | Netherlands | 0.1643 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.0% | rising |
| 55 | United States | 0.1615 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 56 | Lesotho | 0.1615 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Canada | 0.1611 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.0% | rising |
| 58 | Gambia | 0.1595 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 13.3% | rising |
| 59 | Iceland | 0.1595 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 60 | Eswatini | 0.1595 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 28.4% | volatile |
| 61 | Belarus | 0.1587 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.8% | flat |
| 62 | North Macedonia | 0.1566 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 17.4% | falling |
| 63 | Romania | 0.1544 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 16.7% | falling |
| 64 | Dominica | 0.1485 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.7% | volatile |
| 65 | United Kingdom | 0.1485 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.7% | falling |
| 66 | Israel | 0.1478 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 67 | New Zealand | 0.1475 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.7% | flat |
| 68 | Turkey | 0.1473 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.4% | flat |
| 69 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.1468 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.2% | rising |
| 70 | Liechtenstein | 0.1456 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 13.3% | rising |
| 71 | Greece | 0.1436 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 18.1% | rising |
| 72 | Serbia | 0.1432 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.3% | falling |
| 73 | Bulgaria | 0.1406 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.9% | rising |
| 74 | Saint Lucia | 0.1405 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.8% | volatile |
| 75 | Russia | 0.1354 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 46.1% | volatile |
| 76 | Vietnam | 0.1352 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.1% | volatile |
| 77 | Puerto Rico | 0.1324 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.8% | rising |
| 78 | Kosovo | 0.132 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 78 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | 0.132 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 80 | Ukraine | 0.132 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 81 | Grenada | 0.1314 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 45.9% | rising |
| 82 | Nauru | 0.1314 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.2% | flat |
| 83 | Suriname | 0.131 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.8% | rising |
| 84 | Burundi | 0.1294 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.9% | rising |
| 85 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.1292 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 11.1% | rising |
| 86 | El Salvador | 0.129 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 74.1% | rising |
| 87 | Aruba | 0.1281 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 19.9% | rising |
| 88 | Rwanda | 0.1272 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 89 | South Africa | 0.1271 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.4% | falling |
| 90 | Armenia | 0.1254 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.3% | falling |
| 91 | Moldova | 0.1254 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 24.8% | falling |
| 92 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.1253 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 41.9% | rising |
| 93 | Cyprus | 0.1244 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.3% | flat |
| 94 | Cuba | 0.124 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 4.4% | rising |
| 95 | Namibia | 0.1239 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 6.8% | falling |
| 96 | Montenegro | 0.1236 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 97 | Greenland | 0.1234 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 98 | Malta | 0.1226 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 8.2% | rising |
| 99 | New Caledonia | 0.1211 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.2% | rising |
| 100 | Uzbekistan | 0.1208 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 41.1% | rising |
| 101 | Monaco | 0.1202 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.9% | rising |
| 102 | India | 0.1197 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 14.0% | rising |
| 103 | Libya | 0.1196 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 35.2% | falling |
| 104 | Lithuania | 0.1191 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 105 | Fiji | 0.1185 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 106 | Mauritius | 0.1167 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 25.2% | rising |
| 107 | Mongolia | 0.1153 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 90.3% | volatile |
| 108 | French Polynesia | 0.1149 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 109 | Luxembourg | 0.1146 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.3% | falling |
| 110 | Argentina | 0.1143 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.4% | rising |
| 111 | Guatemala | 0.1138 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.0% | rising |
| 112 | Maldives | 0.1127 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.9% | rising |
| 113 | Georgia | 0.1122 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 8.4% | rising |
| 114 | Cameroon | 0.112 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 17.5% | rising |
| 115 | Brunei | 0.1112 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 116 | Marshall Islands | 0.1106 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.4% | rising |
| 117 | Kenya | 0.1103 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.5% | falling |
| 118 | Poland | 0.1095 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.7% | falling |
| 119 | Cape Verde | 0.1093 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 120 | Palestine | 0.1086 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 121 | Tuvalu | 0.1084 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 18.3% | rising |
| 122 | Saudi Arabia | 0.107 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 45.5% | rising |
| 123 | Kazakhstan | 0.1062 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 16.4% | falling |
| 124 | Colombia | 0.106 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.6% | flat |
| 125 | Tajikistan | 0.1056 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 48.3% | volatile |
| 126 | Benin | 0.1053 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 19.5% | rising |
| 127 | Tunisia | 0.1049 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 32.8% | rising |
| 128 | Philippines | 0.1049 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 129 | Andorra | 0.1047 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 130 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.1045 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 17.9% | rising |
| 131 | Guinea | 0.1038 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 38.6% | volatile |
| 132 | Panama | 0.1037 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 92.4% | flat |
| 133 | Seychelles | 0.1036 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 10.0% | rising |
| 134 | Bolivia | 0.1028 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 23.6% | rising |
| 135 | Iraq | 0.1017 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 23.8% | falling |
| 136 | Kuwait | 0.1016 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 29.4% | rising |
| 137 | Morocco | 0.1001 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 138 | Bahrain | 0.0988 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 78.3% | falling |
| 139 | Senegal | 0.0985 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.0% | rising |
| 140 | Djibouti | 0.098 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 45.1% | volatile |
| 141 | Palau | 0.0971 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 13.3% | flat |
| 142 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 0.0967 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 143 | Eritrea | 0.096 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2011 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 144 | Barbados | 0.0955 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.2% | rising |
| 145 | Ghana | 0.0952 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 146 | Peru | 0.0934 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 110.3% | falling |
| 147 | Solomon Islands | 0.0924 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 148 | Chad | 0.088 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 149 | Tanzania | 0.0875 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 52.7% | falling |
| 150 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.0871 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 45.2% | rising |
| 151 | Afghanistan | 0.0869 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.3% | falling |
| 152 | Macao | 0.0865 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.6% | flat |
| 153 | Nicaragua | 0.0851 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.9% | flat |
| 154 | Azerbaijan | 0.0846 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 83.0% | falling |
| 155 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.0836 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 14.4% | falling |
| 156 | Tonga | 0.0834 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.5% | rising |
| 157 | Burkina Faso | 0.0821 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 6.3% | rising |
| 158 | South Sudan | 0.0813 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2015 | up 29.1% | rising |
| 159 | Samoa | 0.0809 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.8% | flat |
| 160 | Nigeria | 0.0804 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 161 | Mauritania | 0.0804 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 29.6% | rising |
| 162 | Sri Lanka | 0.077 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 163 | Ethiopia | 0.075 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 23.0% | volatile |
| 164 | Cambodia | 0.0745 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 22.3% | rising |
| 165 | Papua New Guinea | 0.0733 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.3% | falling |
| 166 | Uruguay | 0.0717 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 103.1% | volatile |
| 167 | Algeria | 0.0714 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 37.8% | falling |
| 168 | Comoros | 0.0712 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 169 | Vanuatu | 0.0709 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.7% | rising |
| 170 | Micronesia (country) | 0.0702 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.9% | rising |
| 171 | Oman | 0.0684 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 49.7% | rising |
| 172 | Sudan | 0.0675 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 34.3% | rising |
| 173 | East Timor | 0.0668 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.0% | rising |
| 174 | Dominican Republic | 0.0667 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 58.1% | rising |
| 175 | Nepal | 0.0667 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 28.3% | rising |
| 176 | Zimbabwe | 0.0661 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 26.8% | volatile |
| 177 | Paraguay | 0.0661 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 25.7% | falling |
| 178 | Angola | 0.0651 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 179 | Madagascar | 0.0611 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 45.9% | volatile |
| 180 | Somalia | 0.0605 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | rising |
| 181 | Myanmar | 0.0591 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 243.8% | volatile |
| 182 | Kiribati | 0.057 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 21.5% | falling |
| 183 | Egypt | 0.0564 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 184 | Jamaica | 0.0558 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 29.1% | falling |
| 185 | Togo | 0.0558 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 20.4% | rising |
| 186 | Haiti | 0.0555 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 30.6% | rising |
| 187 | Costa Rica | 0.0548 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.6% | falling |
| 188 | Cayman Islands | 0.0536 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.9% | flat |
| 189 | United Arab Emirates | 0.0522 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 33.2% | falling |
| 190 | Bahamas | 0.0502 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 30.4% | rising |
| 191 | Uganda | 0.05 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 60.8% | rising |
| 192 | Honduras | 0.0478 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 12.7% | flat |
| 193 | Malawi | 0.0468 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 45.3% | rising |
| 194 | Yemen | 0.0425 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | down 35.7% | rising |
| 195 | Mali | 0.0399 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 21.5% | rising |
| 196 | Bermuda | 0.0396 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 30.5% | rising |
| 197 | Pakistan | 0.0394 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 13.8% | falling |
| 198 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.0388 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 29.2% | rising |
| 199 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.0386 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 29.2% | falling |
| 200 | Jordan | 0.038 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 42.5% | rising |
| 201 | Niger | 0.0365 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 337.7% | volatile |
| 202 | Guyana | 0.0346 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 35.4% | volatile |
| 203 | Sierra Leone | 0.0308 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.6% | falling |
| 204 | Syria | 0.0304 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 82.6% | rising |
| 205 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0.0295 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.7% | falling |
| 206 | Bhutan | 0.0141 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 80.1% | rising |
| 207 | Bangladesh | 0.0129 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 83.8% | falling |
How this figure is calculated
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$) ÷ GDP (current US$)
Computed from
- Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.