Adjusted net national income (current US$), per unit of GDP by country
Adjusted net national income (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
Adjusted net national income (current US$), per unit of GDP is currently reported for 184 countries. The highest value is 1.65 current US$ per US$ of GDP in Venezuela; the lowest is 0.1556 current US$ per US$ of GDP in East Timor.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.8082 current US$ per US$ of GDP, and the mean is 0.7884 current US$ per US$ of GDP.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 11.
Over the past decade 83 countries rose and 100 fell. The largest increase was in Venezuela (up 120.6%), and the largest decrease in East Timor (down 84.7%).
Adjusted net national income (current US$), per unit of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Venezuela | 1.65 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2014 | up 120.6% | rising |
| 2 | Kiribati | 1.26 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 3 | Turkmenistan | 1.15 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2019 | up 68.3% | rising |
| 4 | French Polynesia | 1.1 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2000 | up 21.3% | rising |
| 5 | Micronesia (country) | 1.07 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 6 | Bangladesh | 1.03 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 7 | Tajikistan | 1.01 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.4% | flat |
| 8 | Lesotho | 0.9726 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 9 | Niger | 0.9715 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.1% | rising |
| 10 | Solomon Islands | 0.966 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 18.1% | flat |
| 11 | Afghanistan | 0.9552 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.3% | flat |
| 12 | Haiti | 0.9514 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.4% | flat |
| 13 | Yemen | 0.949 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 14 | Libya | 0.9398 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 15 | Pakistan | 0.9367 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.1% | falling |
| 16 | Aruba | 0.9216 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 15.2% | falling |
| 17 | Philippines | 0.9173 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 18 | Kuwait | 0.9171 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2019 | up 2.2% | rising |
| 19 | Nepal | 0.9165 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.8% | flat |
| 20 | Comoros | 0.9151 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.1% | flat |
| 21 | Malawi | 0.9119 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 65.5% | rising |
| 22 | Mauritania | 0.91 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.6% | flat |
| 23 | Djibouti | 0.9079 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.8% | falling |
| 24 | Sri Lanka | 0.9036 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.3% | flat |
| 25 | Montenegro | 0.9021 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.1% | flat |
| 26 | Moldova | 0.9012 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.9% | rising |
| 27 | United Arab Emirates | 0.8924 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 6.3% | flat |
| 28 | Morocco | 0.8909 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.0% | falling |
| 29 | Mauritius | 0.89 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 6.9% | falling |
| 30 | Benin | 0.8898 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.5% | flat |
| 31 | Vanuatu | 0.8836 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.3% | rising |
| 32 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0.8811 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 43.2% | falling |
| 33 | Paraguay | 0.881 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.3% | rising |
| 34 | Ethiopia | 0.8808 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 21.0% | flat |
| 35 | Samoa | 0.88 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.6% | rising |
| 36 | Honduras | 0.8791 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | flat |
| 37 | Madagascar | 0.8708 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.2% | falling |
| 38 | Tonga | 0.8702 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.5% | falling |
| 39 | Kenya | 0.8682 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 14.9% | flat |
| 40 | Togo | 0.8651 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 44.8% | rising |
| 41 | Dominican Republic | 0.8636 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.0% | flat |
| 42 | Costa Rica | 0.8619 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.1% | flat |
| 43 | Senegal | 0.8616 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.5% | falling |
| 44 | Jordan | 0.8588 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.0% | falling |
| 45 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.8549 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 50.4% | rising |
| 46 | Cuba | 0.8547 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2019 | up 0.7% | falling |
| 47 | Sweden | 0.8546 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.1% | flat |
| 48 | Guatemala | 0.8527 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.1% | falling |
| 49 | India | 0.8515 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.1% | falling |
| 50 | Central African Republic | 0.848 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.2% | flat |
| 51 | Denmark | 0.8479 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.0% | flat |
| 52 | Argentina | 0.8467 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.4% | falling |
| 53 | Myanmar | 0.8446 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 6.0% | rising |
| 54 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.8431 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.6% | falling |
| 55 | Tunisia | 0.8409 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 11.5% | falling |
| 56 | Sudan | 0.8403 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 22.8% | falling |
| 57 | Dominica | 0.8386 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.8% | falling |
| 58 | Tanzania | 0.8377 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 59 | Finland | 0.8365 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.2% | flat |
| 60 | Greece | 0.8358 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.2% | flat |
| 61 | Fiji | 0.8337 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | flat |
| 62 | France | 0.8336 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.5% | flat |
| 63 | Lithuania | 0.8334 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.3% | flat |
| 64 | Jamaica | 0.8333 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.2% | rising |
| 65 | Israel | 0.8323 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.1% | rising |
| 66 | Egypt | 0.8321 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.3% | flat |
| 67 | United Kingdom | 0.8275 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2018 | down 0.2% | falling |
| 68 | Poland | 0.827 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 69 | United States | 0.8258 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.1% | flat |
| 70 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.8251 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 71 | Bhutan | 0.8249 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 12.7% | rising |
| 72 | Bulgaria | 0.8244 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.0% | falling |
| 73 | Maldives | 0.8243 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.8% | flat |
| 74 | Colombia | 0.824 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 7.0% | flat |
| 75 | Cameroon | 0.8235 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.5% | flat |
| 76 | Uruguay | 0.8231 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.9% | falling |
| 77 | Germany | 0.8211 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 78 | Albania | 0.8206 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.4% | flat |
| 79 | Ukraine | 0.8205 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 80 | Namibia | 0.8199 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 81 | Bahamas | 0.8198 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.3% | flat |
| 82 | Croatia | 0.8181 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.9% | flat |
| 83 | Turkey | 0.8181 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 1.7% | flat |
| 84 | Romania | 0.818 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.8% | rising |
| 85 | Seychelles | 0.8177 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 86 | Nicaragua | 0.8172 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.6% | rising |
| 87 | New Zealand | 0.8162 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.8% | flat |
| 88 | Spain | 0.8151 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.0% | falling |
| 89 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.8124 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.8% | falling |
| 90 | Armenia | 0.8091 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.6% | flat |
| 91 | South Africa | 0.8085 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.8% | flat |
| 92 | Cape Verde | 0.8083 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.6% | falling |
| 93 | Belgium | 0.8081 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.9% | falling |
| 94 | Vietnam | 0.8078 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.2% | falling |
| 95 | Syria | 0.807 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 77.3% | volatile |
| 96 | Austria | 0.8068 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.3% | flat |
| 97 | Italy | 0.8054 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 98 | Slovenia | 0.8048 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.8% | flat |
| 99 | Estonia | 0.8036 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.9% | flat |
| 100 | Georgia | 0.8036 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 101 | Latvia | 0.8014 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 3.8% | rising |
| 102 | Rwanda | 0.7996 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 103 | El Salvador | 0.7993 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.9% | falling |
| 104 | Gambia | 0.7982 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 6.6% | falling |
| 105 | Belize | 0.7945 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.8% | rising |
| 106 | Canada | 0.7939 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.7% | flat |
| 107 | North Macedonia | 0.7868 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.2% | flat |
| 108 | Slovakia | 0.7859 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 109 | Hungary | 0.784 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 110 | Portugal | 0.7818 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.0% | flat |
| 111 | Belarus | 0.776 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.2% | falling |
| 112 | Saudi Arabia | 0.774 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | down 5.1% | rising |
| 113 | Netherlands | 0.7718 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.0% | falling |
| 114 | Iceland | 0.7697 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 15.7% | rising |
| 115 | Serbia | 0.7677 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.6% | flat |
| 116 | Iraq | 0.7665 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 117 | Thailand | 0.7644 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 118 | Panama | 0.7638 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.5% | flat |
| 119 | Ghana | 0.7531 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 120 | Peru | 0.753 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.3% | flat |
| 121 | Australia | 0.7523 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.3% | falling |
| 122 | Burkina Faso | 0.7482 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 123 | Lebanon | 0.7482 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 7.9% | falling |
| 124 | South Korea | 0.7479 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 125 | Indonesia | 0.7439 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 0.7% | falling |
| 126 | Uganda | 0.741 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.2% | rising |
| 127 | Japan | 0.734 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.3% | flat |
| 128 | Brunei | 0.7333 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 129 | Azerbaijan | 0.7332 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.2% | rising |
| 130 | Cyprus | 0.7318 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 19.1% | falling |
| 131 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.7318 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.6% | rising |
| 132 | Saint Lucia | 0.7304 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.2% | falling |
| 133 | Ecuador | 0.7294 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 134 | Laos | 0.7276 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 5.2% | falling |
| 135 | Mozambique | 0.7266 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.3% | rising |
| 136 | Norway | 0.7253 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 137 | Eswatini | 0.7245 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.2% | falling |
| 138 | Brazil | 0.7245 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.4% | falling |
| 139 | Russia | 0.7238 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 8.8% | rising |
| 140 | Mexico | 0.7217 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 141 | South Sudan | 0.7214 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2015 | — | rising |
| 142 | Switzerland | 0.721 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.2% | falling |
| 143 | Qatar | 0.7202 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 144 | Czechia | 0.7165 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.3% | falling |
| 145 | Bahrain | 0.7087 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2020 | up 12.5% | rising |
| 146 | Malaysia | 0.7067 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 4.0% | rising |
| 147 | Eritrea | 0.7048 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2011 | down 18.0% | flat |
| 148 | Papua New Guinea | 0.7024 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 149 | Barbados | 0.7001 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 1.6% | falling |
| 150 | China | 0.6995 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 151 | Botswana | 0.6987 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 12.5% | falling |
| 152 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.6873 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.2% | falling |
| 153 | Guinea | 0.6865 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 15.5% | rising |
| 154 | Chile | 0.6855 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.4% | falling |
| 155 | Algeria | 0.6753 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 156 | Bolivia | 0.6624 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 16.9% | falling |
| 157 | Somalia | 0.6491 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 158 | Iran | 0.6474 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 22.0% | rising |
| 159 | Oman | 0.6472 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 31.2% | rising |
| 160 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.6448 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 161 | Kazakhstan | 0.6373 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 2.6% | falling |
| 162 | Guyana | 0.6363 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 24.0% | rising |
| 163 | Mali | 0.6306 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 9.7% | flat |
| 164 | Singapore | 0.6267 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 24.4% | falling |
| 165 | Suriname | 0.6228 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 10.1% | falling |
| 166 | Cambodia | 0.62 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 12.2% | falling |
| 167 | Uzbekistan | 0.615 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 13.7% | falling |
| 168 | Mongolia | 0.6115 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 169 | New Caledonia | 0.6094 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2000 | down 31.4% | falling |
| 170 | Nigeria | 0.5964 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 23.6% | flat |
| 171 | Luxembourg | 0.5763 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 0.4% | falling |
| 172 | Burundi | 0.5713 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 6.1% | falling |
| 173 | Zimbabwe | 0.5703 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 22.7% | falling |
| 174 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.5503 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 14.1% | rising |
| 175 | Angola | 0.5434 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 14.4% | flat |
| 176 | Gabon | 0.5425 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 29.0% | flat |
| 177 | Zambia | 0.5417 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 24.7% | rising |
| 178 | Liberia | 0.5077 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 12.8% | rising |
| 179 | Chad | 0.4952 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 3.8% | falling |
| 180 | Sierra Leone | 0.4814 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 5.7% | falling |
| 181 | Ireland | 0.4707 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 29.6% | falling |
| 182 | Congo | 0.4249 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 54.2% | volatile |
| 183 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.3901 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | up 72.3% | volatile |
| 184 | East Timor | 0.1556 current US$ per US$ of GDP | 2021 | down 84.7% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Pacific island small states 0.8989 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- South Asia 0.8738 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 0.8738 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- IDA only 0.8731 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Lower middle income 0.8704 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Least developed countries 0.8606 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- North America 0.8233 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Early-demographic dividend 0.8227 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Arab World 0.8223 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 0.8196 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 0.8156 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- European Union 0.8041 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Post-demographic dividend 0.8028 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- IDA total 0.8026 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Euro area 0.8014 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Central Europe and the Baltics 0.8004 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 0.7994 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 0.7992 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- OECD members 0.799 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- High income 0.7935 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Europe & Central Asia 0.7923 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Low income 0.7852 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 0.7843 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.7829 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- World 0.7784 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Africa Eastern and Southern 0.7783 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Caribbean Small States 0.7779 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 0.777 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Latin America & Caribbean 0.7736 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.7684 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Small states 0.7615 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- IDA & IBRD total 0.7502 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Other small states 0.7498 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Low & middle income 0.7497 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Middle income 0.7492 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- IBRD only 0.746 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- IDA blend 0.7288 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Upper middle income 0.7241 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Sub-Saharan Africa 0.721 current US$ per US$ of GDP
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.721 current US$ per US$ of GDP
How this figure is calculated
Adjusted net national income (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Adjusted net national income (current US$) ÷ GDP (current US$)
Computed from
- Adjusted net national income Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
- GDP Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Adjusted net national income (current US$) divided by GDP (current US$), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.