{"entity":{"iso2":"ZA","iso3":"ZAF","name":"South Africa","slug":"south-africa"},"indicator":{"licence":"OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required)","slug":"r-and-d-tax-expenditure-and-direct-government-funding-of-berd-sum-of-tax-incentive","source":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","source_url":"https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_RDTAX@DF_RDTAX","title":"R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD \u2014 Sum of tax incentive support for business R&D (GTARD) and government-financed BERD","unit":"Percentage of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.0331},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.0274},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.0242},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.0315},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.0725},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.0282},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.0232},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.022},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.0165},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.0154},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.0119},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.009},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.0161},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.0149},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.0172},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.0146},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.0129}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":0.0129,"max":0.0725,"mean":0.0229765,"min":0.009,"of":37,"rank":33,"trend":"volatile"}}