{"entity":{"iso2":"IT","iso3":"ITA","name":"Italy","slug":"italy"},"indicator":{"licence":"OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required)","slug":"r-and-d-tax-expenditure-and-direct-government-funding-of-berd-sum-of-tax-incentive","source":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","source_url":"https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_RDTAX@DF_RDTAX","title":"R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD \u2014 Sum of tax incentive support for business R&D (GTARD) and government-financed BERD","unit":"Percentage of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.0561},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.0787},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.0666},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.0723},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.0712},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.0594},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.0436},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.0575},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.069},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.0687},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.0428},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.0485},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.0594},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.0491},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.0462},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.0934},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.1179},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.2116},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.2472},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.2115},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.101},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.1044},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.0935},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.0879}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":0.0879,"max":0.2472,"mean":0.0898958,"min":0.0428,"of":37,"rank":24,"trend":"volatile"}}