{"entity":{"iso2":"IT","iso3":"ITA","name":"Italy","slug":"italy"},"indicator":{"licence":"OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required)","slug":"r-and-d-tax-expenditure-and-direct-government-funding-of-berd-indirect-government-support","source":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","source_url":"https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_RDTAX@DF_RDTAX","title":"R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD \u2014 Indirect government support through R&D tax incentives (GTARD)","unit":"Percentage of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.0011},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.0031},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.0033},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.0019},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.0022},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.0019},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.001},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.019},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.0326},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.027},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.0043},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.0035},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.0114},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.0037},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.003},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.0508},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.0891},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.1818},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.2032},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.1725},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.0573},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.0671},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.0597},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.0512}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":0.0512,"max":0.2032,"mean":0.0438208,"min":0.001,"of":43,"rank":19,"trend":"volatile"}}