Estonia vs Germany: R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD
R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD over time
- Estonia
- Germany
How they compare
Germany currently reports 1.04 Percentage of GDP against 0.7972 Percentage of GDP in Estonia, a difference of 0.2428 Percentage of GDP.
That makes Germany's figure about 1.3 times Estonia's.
Across all 25 years both countries report, Germany has been ahead every year.
Estonia ranks 3rd and Germany ranks 3rd of 12 countries.
Germany has averaged higher in every one of the 3 decades both report.
Head to head by decade
| Decade | Estonia | Germany | Difference | Ahead |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 0.4442 Percentage of GDP | 0.76 Percentage of GDP | 0.3158 Percentage of GDP | Germany |
| 2010s | 0.6973 Percentage of GDP | 0.8882 Percentage of GDP | 0.1909 Percentage of GDP | Germany |
| 2020s | 0.7503 Percentage of GDP | 1.07 Percentage of GDP | 0.3172 Percentage of GDP | Germany |
Averages of every year both report within each decade.
Frequently asked questions
- Which has higher r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd, Estonia or Germany?
- Germany, at 1.04 Percentage of GDP against 0.7972 Percentage of GDP in Estonia as of 2024.
- What is the difference in r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd between Estonia and Germany?
- 0.2428 Percentage of GDP, with Germany ahead.
- How many years of comparable data are there for Estonia and Germany?
- 25 years are reported by both, from 2000 to 2024.
- How do Estonia and Germany rank globally for r&d tax expenditure and direct government funding of berd?
- Estonia ranks 3rd and Germany ranks 3rd of 12 countries.
- Where does this data come from?
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as R&D tax expenditure and direct government funding of BERD — Government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD). Statizoid refreshes it automatically from the source and publishes the full history for both places.
Individual pages
About this data
The OECD R&D Tax Incentives database provides a set of indicators that reflect the level and structure of central and subnational government support for business R&D in form of R&D tax incentives and direct funding across OECD member countries and other major economies. This includes time-series indicators of tax expenditures for R&D, based on the latest OECD data collection on tax incentive support for R&D expenditures. Estimates of the cost of R&D tax support at subnational government level are reported whenever such provisions are applicable and relevant data are available. These estimates of the cost of central and subnational R&D tax relief have been combined with data on direct government funding of business expenditure on R&D (BERD), as compiled by National Statistical Offices based on reports from firms, in order to provide a more complete picture of government efforts to promote business R&D. Furthermore, these estimates are combined with data on Government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD) in the broader context of overall budgetary support for R&D activities undertaken by governments. Government budget allocations for R&D include direct funding provided to all sectors, including contributions to R&D programmes abroad. OECD (2019) provides a practical guide to using the OECD R&D Tax Incentives database, describing the R&D tax incentive time series data and highlighting their potential for internationally comparative work through descriptive indicators and econometric analysis.